Developing a Vast Wilderness Human Geography of Canada Developing a Vast Wilderness Three major groups in Canada—the native peoples, the French, and the English—have melded into a diverse and economically strong nation. Canadian fur trapper. NEXT

Developing a Vast Wilderness Human Geography of Canada Developing a Vast Wilderness SECTION 1 History and Government of Canada SECTION 2 Economy and Culture of Canada SECTION 3 Subregions of Canada Unit Atlas: Physical Unit Atlas: Political NEXT

History and Government of Canada Section 1 History and Government of Canada • French and British settlement greatly influenced Canada’s political development. • Canada’s size and climate affected economic growth and population distribution. NEXT

History and Government of Canada SECTION History and Government of Canada 1 The First Settlers and Colonial Rivalry Early Peoples • After Ice Age, migrants cross Arctic land bridge from Asia - ancestors of Arctic Inuit (Eskimos); North American Indians to south • Vikings found Vinland (Newfoundland) about A.D. 1000; later abandon Continued . . . NEXT

Colonization by France and Britain SECTION 1 continued The First Settlers and Colonial Rivalry Colonization by France and Britain • French explorers claim much of Canada in 1500–1600s as “New France” • British settlers colonize the Atlantic Coast • Coastal fisheries and inland fur trade important to both countries • Britain wins French and Indian War (1754–1763); French settlers stay NEXT

Steps Toward Unity Establishing the Dominion of Canada SECTION 1 Steps Toward Unity Establishing the Dominion of Canada • In 1791 Britain creates two political units called provinces - Upper Canada (later, Ontario): English-speaking, Protestant - Lower Canada (Quebec): French-speaking, Roman Catholic • Rupert’s Land a northern area owned by fur-trading company • Immigrants arrive, cities develop: Quebec City, Montreal, Toronto - railways, canals are built as explorers seek better fur-trading areas Continued . . . NEXT

Establishing the Dominion of Canada SECTION 1 continued Steps Toward Unity Establishing the Dominion of Canada • Political, ethnic disputes lead to Britain’s 1867 North America Act - creates Dominion of Canada as a loose confederation (political union) - Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick - self-governed part of British Empire • Expansion includes: - Rupert’s Land, Manitoba, British Columbia, Prince Edward Island - later: Yukon Territory, Alberta, Saskatchewan - Newfoundland in 1949 Map NEXT

Continental Expansion and Development SECTION 1 Continental Expansion and Development From the Atlantic to the Pacific • In 1885 a transcontinental railroad goes from Montreal to Vancouver • European immigrants arrive and Yukon gold brings fortune hunters - copper, zinc, silver also found; grow towns, railroads Image Urban and Industrial Growth • Farming gives way to urban industrialization, manufacturing - within 100 miles of U.S. border due to climate, land, transportation • Canada becomes major economic power in 20th century NEXT

Governing Canada The Parliamentary System SECTION 1 Governing Canada The Parliamentary System • In 1931 Canada becomes independent, British monarch is symbolic head • Parliamentary government: - parliament—legislature combining legislative and executive functions - consists of an appointed Senate, elected House of Commons - prime minister, head of government, is majority party leader • All ten provinces have own legislature and premier (prime minister) - federal government administers the territories NEXT

Economy and Culture of Canada Section 2 Economy and Culture of Canada • Canada is highly industrialized and urbanized, with one of the world’s most developed economies. • Canadians are a diverse people. NEXT

Economy and Culture of Canada SECTION Economy and Culture of Canada 2 An Increasingly Diverse Economy The Early Fur Trade • Beginning in 1500s Native Americans, now known as the First Nations: - begin trade with European fishermen along Atlantic coast • French and English trappers and traders expand westward • Voyageurs—French-Canadian boatmen transport pelts to trading posts Continued . . . NEXT

Canada’s Primary Industries SECTION 2 continued An Increasingly Diverse Economy Canada’s Primary Industries • Farming, logging, mining, fishing: 10% of gross domestic product - Canada is the world’s leading exporter of forest products • Mining: uranium, zinc, gold, and silver are exported • Fishing: domestic consumption is low, so most of catch is exported Map Chart Continued . . . NEXT

The Manufacturing Sector SECTION 2 continued An Increasingly Diverse Economy The Manufacturing Sector • 15% of Canadians work in manufacturing, create 1/5 of GDP - make cars, steel, appliances, equipment (high-tech, mining) - centered in heartland, from Quebec City, Quebec, to Windsor, Ontario Continued . . . NEXT

Service Industries Drive the Economy SECTION 2 continued An Increasingly Diverse Economy Service Industries Drive the Economy • Most Canadians work in service industries, which create 60% of GDP - finance, utilities, trade, transportation, communication, insurance - land’s natural beauty makes tourism the fastest growing service • Heavy trade with U.S.: same language, open border (world’s longest) - 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) with U.S., Mexico - 85% of Canadian exports go to U.S. - 75% of Canada’s imports come from U.S. Image NEXT

A Land of Many Cultures Languages and Religions SECTION 2 A Land of Many Cultures Languages and Religions • Mixing of French and native peoples created métis culture • Bilingual: English is most common, except in French-speaking Quebec • English Protestants and French Catholics dominate, but often clash - increasing numbers of Muslims, Jews, other groups Continued . . . NEXT

SECTION 2 continued A Land of Many Cultures Canada’s Population • Densest in port cities (Montreal, Toronto, Vancouver) and farmlands • Environment keeps 80% of people on 10% of land (near U.S. border) • Urbanization: in 1900 33% of people lived in cities, today it’s 80% • Various ethnic groups cluster in certain areas - 75% of French Canadians live in Quebec - many native peoples live on reserves—public land set aside for them - most Inuits live in the remote Arctic north - many Canadians of Asian ancestry live on West Coast Image NEXT

Life in Canada Today Employment and Education SECTION 2 Life in Canada Today Employment and Education • Relatively high standard of living, well-educated population • Labor force is 55% men, 45% women - 75% in service industries, 15% in manufacturing • Oldest university, Laval, established in Quebec by French • English universities founded in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick in 1780s • Today, Canada has a 97% literacy rate Continued . . . NEXT

SECTION 2 continued Life in Canada Today Sports and Recreation • Popular sports: skating, ice hockey, fishing, skiing, golf, hunting - Canada has own football league; other pro teams play in U.S. leagues - native peoples developed lacrosse, European settlers developed hockey • Annual festivals include Quebec Winter Carnival, Calgary Stampede Image Continued . . . NEXT

SECTION 2 continued Life in Canada Today The Arts • Earliest literature from oral traditions of First Nations peoples • Later writings from settlers, missionaries, explorers • Early visual arts seen in Inuit carving, West Coast totem poles • Early 1900s painting: unique style of Toronto’s Group of Seven • Shakespeare honored at Ontario’s world-famous Stratford Festival Image NEXT

Subregions of Canada Section 3 • Canada is divided into four subregions: the Atlantic, Core, and Prairie Provinces, and the Pacific Province and the Territories. • Each subregion possesses unique natural resources, landforms, economic activities, and cultural life. NEXT

Subregions of Canada The Atlantic Provinces SECTION Subregions of Canada 3 The Atlantic Provinces Harsh Lands and Small Populations • Eastern Canada’s Atlantic Provinces: - Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland • Only 8% of Canada’s population, due to rugged terrain, harsh weather • Most people live in coastal cities such as: - Halifax, Nova Scotia - St. John, New Brunswick • 85% of Nova Scotia is rocky hills, poor soil • 90% of New Brunswick is forested • Newfoundland has severe storms Continued . . . NEXT

SECTION 3 continued The Atlantic Provinces Economic Activities • New Brunswick’s largest industry: logging (lumber, wood pulp, paper) • Gulf of St. Lawrence, coastal waters supply seafood for export • Nova Scotia: logging, fishing, shipbuilding, trade through Halifax • Newfoundland: fishing, mining, logging, hydro-electric power - supplies power to Quebec, parts of northeastern U.S. Image NEXT

The Core Provinces—Quebec and Ontario SECTION 3 The Core Provinces—Quebec and Ontario The Heartland of Canada • Quebec City: French explorer Samuel de Champlain built fort in 1608 • 60% Canada’s population live in Core Provinces Ontario and Quebec - Ontario has largest population; Quebec has largest land area Continued . . . NEXT

Canada’s Political and Economic Center SECTION 3 continued The Core Provinces—Quebec and Ontario Canada’s Political and Economic Center • Ottawa, Ontario is the national capital • Quebec has great political importance in French-Canadian life • Core: 35% of Canada’s crops, 45% of minerals, 70% of manufacturing • Toronto the largest city, finance hub; Montreal second largest city NEXT

The Prairie Provinces Canada’s Breadbasket SECTION 3 The Prairie Provinces Canada’s Breadbasket • Great Plains Prairie Provinces: Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta • 50% of Canada’s agricultural production, 60% of mineral output - Alberta has coal, oil deposits; produces 90% of Canada’s natural gas Continued . . . NEXT

SECTION 3 continued The Prairie Provinces A Cultural Mix • Manitoba: Scots-Irish, Germans, Scandinavians, Ukrainians, Poles • Saskatchewan’s population includes Asian immigrants, métis • Alberta’s diversity includes Indian, Japanese, Lebanese, Vietnamese NEXT

The Pacific Province and the Territories SECTION 3 The Pacific Province and the Territories British Columbia • British Columbia—westernmost province, mostly in Rocky Mountains - 1/2 is forests; 1/3 is frozen tundra, snowfields, glaciers • Most people live in southwest; major cities are Victoria, Vancouver • Economy built on logging, mining, hydroelectric power - Vancouver is Canada’s largest port, has prosperous shipping trade Continued . . . NEXT

SECTION 3 continued The Pacific Province and the Territories The Territories • The three northern territories account for 41% of Canada’s land • Sparsely populated due to rugged land and severe climate - Yukon has population of 30,000; mostly wilderness - Northwest Territories has population of 41,000; extends into Arctic - Nunavut was created from Northwest Territories in 1999; home to Inuit • Territories’ economies include mining, fishing, some logging NEXT

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