Chapter 6: Incentive Motivation

Incentive…….

Incentives………… Goal (incentive) Value (mometary) Thoughts

Incentives as Energizers Crespi’s Study Hull –Spence Incentive motivation (K; goal can influence behavior before goal is reached) Consummatory response Vigor of the response Context plays a huge role Partial consummatory response (rg)-similar stimuli Partial response stimulus feedback(sg)-sensory feedback Fractional anticipatory response (rg-sg) Stimuli are similar in the way (run faster)

Incentives as Energizers Persistence of Behavior Amseel and rf-sf What happens when you do reach a goal? Unlearned Frustration-when efforts go nowhere- Rf Any stimuli associated with Rf tend to be associated with it These stimuli will elicit partial or anticipatory frustration responses rf rf lead to stopping the behavior and try some other behavior rf-sf suggests motivation is generated by non-reward Partial Reinforcement Continuous Reinforcement

Incentives as Generators Mowrer (1960) Fear Hope Relief Disappointment

Incentives as Carriers Tolman (1959; 1967) Expectancies Holistic Purposive Latent learning

Predictability The Overmier and Lowry Model (1979) Mediational model-incentives as cues Secondary reinforcers The Bindra Model (emotional model) Central motive state Energizing and directive function Positive incentives (approach) Negative incentives (avoid)

Meaningfulness Klinger Relationship with family are basis of motivation Incentives provide meaningfulness :Incentives vs goals Disengagement Phases Invigoration Primitivization Aggression Depression Recovery Grief as a disengagement-shock, yearning, disorientation and resolution

Sexual Motivation Pheromones Opposite sex attraction signals Faces: Steroid Mp2 and Male faces Odors: Wearing perfume containing synthetic hormone produced sexual behaviors

Learned Sexual Stumuli Neutral stimuli associated becomes an incentive Rats study odors associated with sexual activity became an incentive (Lopez & Ettenberg, 2002) Physical attractiveness is a major component of sexual behavior People usually agree on physical attractiveness People usually attractive get more dates

Who is more attractive??? Julia? Catherine?

What is Attraction? Female Large eyes Small nose Small chin Prominent check bones Large pupil Large smile Rounded face Facial symmetry Waist to hip ratio .7

Learned Sexual Stimuli Associative Mating People who tend to be similar in attractiveness tend to be couples

Female Attractiveness Age Young Health Reproduce Raise offspring Others Good complexion Cleanliness Clear eyes, teeth, and hair

Female Attractiveness

Female Attractiveness Novelty Second wife??? Coolidge: Stimulatory effect or excitatory effect of males sexual behavior after introducing new female Learned erotic stimuli-long legs, large breast However sight of female genitals is the most consistent

Male Attractiveness Parental investment model More Conservative Higher status No relation to age and health Skills and abilities are Height??? Attractiveness is not handsomeness

Does it have to do with women viewed as an Object more them Males????

Video Time!!! http://www.upworthy.com/lets-apply-the-female-stereotypes-in-these-commercials-to-male-actors-and-see-how-that-looks?c=ufb2 http://www.upworthy.com/this-woman-stripped-her-dress-off-while-onstage-in-the-name-of-feminism-point-well-made?c=reccon3

Physical & Behavioral Addictions Craving Adaptations Brain systems sensitized Hard to quit Tolerance vs dependence The longer an individual drinks, the more he or she will need drink in order to get the same desired effect (tolerance) Drug or alcohol becomes so incorporated into functioning of body cells that it becomes necessary for body survival (dependence) Lead to withdrawal symptoms

Genes: Nicotine action Accelerates release of neurotransmitter dopamine in the brain’s NA* & increases metabolism in NA dopamine ~ pleasure, emotions, addiction … “reward system” The nucleus accumbens is the pleasure and reward center of the brain. The amygdala (from Greek word for almond) is associated with emotions of fear, lust, and curiosity. http://www.benbest.com/science/anatmind/anatmd9.html nucleus accumbens amygdala *NA = nucleus accumbens

Dopamine as a neurotransmitter http://www.sfn.org/briefings/nicotine.html Nictotine binds to nicotinic receptors and leads to release of dopamine at neuronal synapses in the nucleus accumbens of the brain. It takes about 10 seconds for inhaled nicotine to reach the brain and start having its effect. http://www.macalester.edu/~psych/whathap/UBNRP/Dopamine/intro.html (dopamine is derived from amino acid tyrosine)

Drugs