The Jeffersonian Republic 1800-1812 The Jeffersonian Republic By: Sarah Grace Holland

“Mudslinging” Federalist had many enemies from the Alien and Sedition Acts Adam’s not declaring war on France harmed the Federalist So they launched an attack on Jefferson

Sally Hemings and other Jefferson rumors Sally Hemings was a slave at Monticello Jefferson fathered five children with her Jefferson had the church against him, because of his firm belief of separation of church and state People, especially Congregationalist, feared he was atheist This political cartoon, is of Thomas Jefferson shown as a cock or rooster and a hen portrayed as Sally Hemings; Its titled, “The Philosophical Cock”

Problems with the Electoral College Burr was Jefferson’s running mate He helped Jefferson win New York Burr and Jefferson received the same number of votes, and thus, there was a tie for President Tie had to be broken by the House of Representatives The right candidate won when a few federalist, who feared Burr’s radical ideas, voted for Jefferson with hope that he would be moderate

Jefferson’s Win Jefferson’s win was a result of the 3/5 compromise 3/5 of the slave population counts as voters white southern voters had a boost in the electoral college

The “revolution” that was the Election of 1800 Jefferson believed his election represented a return to the idea of Revolution He thought Hamilton and Adams had betrayed the American Spirit in 1776 and 1780 JEFFERSON’S mission RESTORE THE REPUBLICAN EXPERIMENT CHECK THE GROWTH OF GOVERNMENT HALT THE DECAY OF VIRTUE

Jefferson’s Inauguration March 4, 1801 in the swampy new capital, Washington Jefferson refused customary pomp and traveled to it on foot Jefferson's inaugural address was a statement of democratic principals

Jefferson’s Oddities Jefferson was simple and decided not to seat people according to rank at his dinners Jefferson often dressed sloppily even when meeting with people of importance He set the precedent of sending messages to Congress to be read by clerk He relied on his charm and wooing abilities to unify the country He had a little bit of a split personality, the scholarly private citizen and the harassed public official

Jefferson’s actions in office Reaction to Hamilton's plan Jefferson only removed one part of Hamilton's system, the excise tax National debt was bad not good Tried to balance the national debt with a strict budget and succeeded in reducing the debt substantially, with the help of Albert Gallatin, the Secretary of Treasury Reconciled all harms done by the Alien and Sedition Acts Reduced the residency requirement to the original 5years for citizenship

The Judiciary Act of 1800 Created judges that would serve until they died Last important law passed by federalist Adams supposedly remained at his desk until nine signing the commissions of the “midnight” judges. Packed the courts full of federalist judges who would serve for life Chief Justice John Marshall, a cousin of Thomas Jefferson was a lifelong Federalist, committed to strengthening the federal government.

Marbury v. Madison Came about after the “midnight judges” were removed from their positions and replaced with Jeffersonians When Mr.William Marbury, heard his job was being taken he decided to sue James Madison, who was the Secretary of State Judge Marshall dismissed the case, but he said that the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional, thus suggesting that the Supreme Court could determine the constitutionality of laws (AKA, “judicial review”)

Jefferson and the Military Jefferson reduced the military to 2,500 men, more for his republican principals than money Pirates of the North Barbary States were looting American ships, and in 1801 the pasha of Tripoli indirectly declared war when he cut down the flag staff of the American consulate Jefferson could not decide to fight or not, and he reluctantly sent the new navy to the shores of Tripoli, where fighting continued for four years until Jefferson succeeded in getting a treaty of peace from Tripoli in 1805 for $60,000.

The Louisiana Godsend In 1800 Napoleon secretly prompted the king of Spain to give the Louisiana territory to France, In 1802 Spain quit allowing Americans to use the Mississippi river In 1803, Jefferson sent James Monroe to join regular minister Robert R. Livingston to buy New Orleans and as much land to the east of the river for a total of $10 million, tops. Instead, Napoleon offered to sell New Orleans and the land west of it, Louisiana for $15 million Due to the rebellion in Haiti, led by Toussaint L’Ouverture, which had been unsuccessful, but had killed many French troops by yellow fever. He sold Louisiana because he needed cash to renew his war with Britain The Louisiana Purchase was finalized on April 30, 1803 The Senate quickly approved the purchase, and it doubled the size of the United States. This was the biggest bargain in history averaging 3 cents per acre.

The Louisiana Purchase/ Politics Federalists, normally loose interpreters, took a strict interpretation and opposed the purchase. Federalist didn’t want the new lands because new lands meant new settlers and new states, which meant more farmers and more Republicans. Both parties made a full 180° turnaround from their previous beliefs about the Constitution simply because of the practical matters at hand. The constitution did not say anything about Buying land. Jefferson normally was a strict interpreter of the Constitution, but took a loose stance because the deal was so much of a bargain.

Aaron Burr Conspiracy The Federalists tried to scheme with Aaron Burr to make New England and New York secede from the union; in the process Aaron Burr killed Hamilton in a duel. In 1806, Burr was arrested for treason, but the necessary two witnesses were nowhere to be found.

Napoleon’s War with Britain In 1803, Napoleon had deliberately provoked Britain into renewing its war with France. England controlled the sea thanks to the Battle of Trafalgar France controlled the land thanks to the Battle of Austerlitz Napoleon’s War with Britain

America caught in the Middle The Chesapeake Affair In 1806, London issued the Orders in Council, which closed ports under French continental control to foreign shipping, including American, unless they stopped at a British port first. Napoleon ordered the seizure of all ships, including American, that entered British ports. Impressment of American seamen also angered the U.S.; 6000 American were impressed from 1808-1811 In 1807, a British ship came upon the US ship, the Chesapeake, about 10 miles off the coast of Virginia, and the British captain ordered the seizure of four alleged deserters. When the American commander refused, the U.S. ship received three devastating broadsides that killed 3 Americans and wounded 18. In an incident in which England was clearly wrong, Jefferson still clung to peace.

Jefferson’s Backfiring Embargo In order to try to stop the British and French seizure of American ships, Jefferson resorted to an embargo; after all, Britain and France depended on U.S. goods, didn’t they? The Embargo Act of late 1807 made it illegal to export goods from the United States, whether American or foreign ships. Jefferson's embargo hurt the same New England merchants that it was trying to protect, and didn’t affect France and Britain nearly as much as was hoped for, as it might have if it had stayed in place longer. illegal trade became prominent in 1808, especially along the Canadian border, where people resorted to smuggling again. Congress repealed the act on March 1, 1809, three days before Jefferson’s retirement and replaced it with the Non-Intercourse Act, which reopened trade with all the nations of the world, except France and England