Ms. Sheets and Professor Hopkins AP World History Chapter 9: Civilization in Eastern Europe: Byzantium and Orthodox Europe Ms. Sheets and Professor Hopkins AP World History

Timeline of Byzantine Area/Empire

Byzantine (def)- a : of, relating to, or characterized by a devious and usually surreptitious manner of operation (a Byzantine power struggle) b : intricately involved : labyrinthine (rules of Byzantine complexity)

Overview Two major Christian civilizations develop East and West Each developed close relations with Islamic world Each play major roles in trade (N/S, not E/W) Civilizations spread north because of missionaries Religions are culturally, even organizationally, separate

The Byzantine Empire: Introductions Maintained high levels of political, economic, and cultural activity during much of 500-1450 Controlled territory in Balkans, northern Middle East, and eastern Mediterranean Rulers saw themselves as Roman emperors Government in many ways is continuation of eastern portion of Roman Empire

The Byzantine Empire: Introductions Constantinople = capital, is cosmopolitan, opulent, and most important city in Europe Practice Orthodox Christianity (will become dominate throughout most of Eastern Europe) Spreads culture, religion, and politics to parts of the world that had not previously been controlled by any major civ Balkans, western Russia

The Byzantine Empire: Origins of the Empire Emperor Constantine of Roman Empire Built Constantinople in 4th c. CE as capital Thriving city, fend off Mongol invasions Empire divided into East/West- end of 4th c. Capitals at Rome, Constantinople Political style in East: complex administration around emperor, elaborate ceremonies Justinian makes Greek language official, 6th c. Greek = read freely classical texts Latin becomes inferior, barbaric Involved in Mediterranean commerce

Justinian’s Achievements The Byzantine Empire: Justinian’s Achievements Justinian – 527-565 (wife Theodora) Military gains and great expansion Wanted to capture old Roman Empire itself Belisarius, brilliant general Gains in North Africa and Italy Temporary capital at Ravenna, artistic center Lost Italy: unable to withstand Germanic pressure Systemizes Roman legal code Influences future law codes in Europe Reduces confusion, united and organized the new empire Building Projects to Rebuild Constantinople Hagia Sophia – engineering and architectural achievements (dome) Slavs, Persians attack from East

Cyrillic script (Based on Greek Alphabet)

Justinian’s Achievements The Byzantine Empire: Justinian’s Achievements Map of byzantine empire under Justinian

Arab Pressure and the Empire’s Defenses The Byzantine Empire: Arab Pressure and the Empire’s Defenses Constant external threats Justinian’s successors’ primary concern is defense against Slavs, Russians, and Arab invaders Able to hold off Arab Muslims from the east but with massive losses in Mediterranean provinces Arab naval fleet; battle over Mediterranean “Greek fire” Empire’s size/strength reduced Economic burdens from wars with Muslins Increase in taxes; increase in wealth for upper class Weak emperors Bulgars from Bulgaria Press onto Byzantine territory, some marriage alliances Defeated by Basil II, 1014, and Bulgaria becomes part of empire

Byzantine Society and Politics The Byzantine Empire: Byzantine Society and Politics Emperors resemble Chinese rulers Center of elaborate court rituals: divinely inspired, all powerful ruler Ordained by God Head of church and state Women could (and did) serve as emperor despite patriarchal society Empresses Theodora and Zoë (sisters) Sophisticated bureaucracy Open to all classes (but aristocrats dominate) and highly educated Organize empire militarily, socially, economically Provincial governors appointed Economic control Regulation of food prices, trade, and silk production Trade network Asia, Russia, Scandinavia, Europe, Africa

Byzantine Society and Politics The Byzantine Empire: Byzantine Society and Politics Arts Creativity in Architecture (domed buildings) Richly colored religious mosaics Icon paintings – paintings of saints and other religious figures Distinct Byzantine style Cultural life blended Hellenism and Orthodox Christianity

The Split Between Eastern and Western Christianity The Byzantine Empire: The Split Between Eastern and Western Christianity Separate paths emerge starting in 11th c. Disagreements about Christian doctrine and policy Papal interference in Byzantine political and religious affairs Clerical celibacy (W – yes, E – no) Dispute over the type of bread to be used in religious ceremonies Byzantine state controlled church in the eastern lands West translate Greek Bible into Latin Patriarch Michael attacks Catholic practice in 1054 (bread, celibacy) Mutual excommunication Church splits into two traditions Western (Roman Catholic) Eastern (Orthodox)

Schisms and World Religions Roman Catholic/Orthodox Christianity Pope/Patriarch All World Religions have Schismed Schisms come over Religious Hierarchy Path to God needs Guidance Path to God an individual journey Dalai Lama/Martin Luther

Schism in Christianity Roman Catholic Christianity Seat of Peter/Pope in Rome Church-State/Religious-Secular Pope versus Emperor Icons-Orthodox Christianity Religious Figures/Saints Roman Catholic/Orthodox Divide Pope/Patriarch

Orthodox Icons

Greek Patriarch of Constaninople

Pope (Roman Catholic)

The Byzantine Empire: The Empire’s Decline Period of decline from 11th century after church schism Able to survive by careful diplomacy but there are still problems Seljuk Turks take most of Asian provinces in 1071 at Manzikert Slavic states emerge which diminish Byzantine power Appeal to West for help against Turks brings Crusaders but no help 1204, Venetian crusaders sack Constantinople but West is not powerful enough to hold on 1453, Constantinople taken by Ottoman Turks, and by 1461 empire gone

Where did the Slavs come from? Tremendous Debate on Ethno-genisis

Archeological Evidence

DNA Haplogroup

Haplogroup R1a Y-DNA.svg

The Byzantine Empire: The Empire’s Decline Who contributed to destruction of Byzantine Empire? Seljuk Turks independent Slavic states in the Balkans (Bulgaria and Serbia) Western crusaders and Roman Catholic Church Italian trading city-states (Venice and Genoa) Byzantium important because they maintained a strong empire even amid rapid surge of Islam, as well as cultural innovations and Orthodox Christianity

The Byzantine Empire (1000-1100) Byzantine Empire went from a major to minor power after the Turkish defeat at Manzikert in 1071

The Spread of Civilization in Eastern Europe Influence through Byzantine conquest, Christian missionaries and conversion, new trade routes Christian missionaries (Cyril and Methodius) helped bring Orthodoxy northward into Russia and the Balkans Create new alphabet: Cyrillic script Possibility of literature and literacy developed in eastern Europe

The Spread of Civilization in Eastern Europe: The East Central Borderlands The East Central Borderlands Competition from Catholics and Orthodox Greeks for converts Those who become Catholic are largely in Hungary, Poland Regional monarchies prevail Influx of Jews to Borderlands from W Europe and Middle East due to persecution Migrate into region in large numbers (Poland = greatest number) Value education and literacy with Jewish culture Gain strength in local commerce Resented by Christian community

The Spread of Civilization in Eastern Europe: The Emergence of Kievan Rus’ Slavs from Asia moved into region during Roman Empire Mix with earlier populations Iron working, agricultural society of family tribes, and villages Eventually, develop loose kingdoms Animist religion (sun, thunder, wind, fire) 6th, 7th centuries Scandinavian merchants Trade between Byzantines and the North (Scandinavia) Luxury products from Silk Roads traded for furs from North 855, trading city (Kiev) become site of monarchy under Rurik, first Prince of Kievan Rus’, principality

The Spread of Civilization in Eastern Europe: The Emergence of Kievan Rus’ Vladimir I (980-1015) Ponders religious choices Converts to Orthodoxy, 1000, on behalf of all his people Organizes mass baptisms, forcing conversions with military pressure Controls church and creates literate Russian priesthood Develops own Russian Orthodox Church Yaroslav (1019-1054) Issues unifying law code Translates religious literature from Greek to Slavic Kievan Rus’ forms core of Russian culture and politics Largest single state in Europe

The Spread of Civilization in Eastern Europe: The Emergence of Kievan Rus’ East European kingdoms and Slavic expansion, 1000

The Spread of Civilization in Eastern Europe: Institutions and Culture in Kievan Rus’ Russian culture borrowed much from Byzantium Russian bureaucracy and education were not as developed Attracted to ceremony and luxury of Byzantium Generally peaceful and trade-oriented relationship between Byzantium and Kievan Rus’ Orthodox influence Ornate churches, filled with icons and incense Monasticism develops, stress prayer and charity Fervent religious devotion Art (icons, illuminated manuscripts), literature (using Cyrillic) dominated by religion, royalty No philosophy or science Free farmers and aristocratic landowners Boyars, landlords and Russian nobility, less powerful than in West

The Spread of Civilization in Eastern Europe: Kievan Decline Decline from 12th century Regional princes set up rival governments Succession struggles within royal family Asian conquerors and invaders chip away at territory Fall of Byzantium reduces Russian trade and wealth Mongols (called Tartars in Russian) invade 13th century, take territory and major cities easily Mongols are aided by rival princes Control much of Russia for over two centuries

The Spread of Civilization in Eastern Europe: The End of an Era in Eastern Europe Fall of Byzantine empire and Mongol invasions end this period of Russian history Key features of Kievan social structure disappear Orthodox Christianity and lively artistic culture remain, however As result, East and West further separated East is cut off from western contacts, stifling economic, political, and cultural sophistication

Eastern Europe and the World Global Connections: Eastern Europe and the World Byzantine Empire participated actively in interregional trade Constantinople: great trading city, connection between East and West (signified by silk trade) Russia Dependent of Byzantium as main trading contact with rest of world When Byzantium declines, and Mongols invade, period of isolation for Russia

Chapter 9 Homework Questions What were some achievements of Justinian and the Byzantine Empire? Describe the split between Western and Eastern Christianity? (Great Schism) What led to the decline of the Byzantine Empire? Describe the emergence of Kievan Rus and the Russian Orthodox Church. In what ways was Vladimir’s conversion to Christianity a key event in European history?