Effect of Spinal Manipulation Thrust Magnitude on Trunk Mechanical Activation Thresholds of Lateral Thalamic Neurons  William R. Reed, DC, PhD, Joel G. Pickar, DC, PhD, Randall S. Sozio, BS, LATG, Cynthia R. Long, PhD  Journal of Manipulative & Physiological Therapeutics  Volume 37, Issue 5, Pages 277-286 (June 2014) DOI: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2014.04.001 Copyright © 2014 National University of Health Sciences Terms and Conditions

Fig 1 A, Example of tracks (arrows) from DiI-coated electrodes through the lateral thalamus (TH) and hippocampus (HP) in a coronal brain section at magnification X40. Of the 3 DiI electrode tracks shown, the medial and lateral DiI tracks are seen in greater detail in adjacent tissue sections. B, A diagram illustrating the experimental setup for extracellular thalamic recordings at −2.5mm caudal to bregma. Shading indicates search area that included the laterodorsal dorsal medial (LDDM), laterodorsal ventrolateral (LDVL), posterior (Po), ventroposterolateral (VPL), ventroposteromedial (VPM), and ventrolateral (VL) nuclei. C, Force profiles for L5 spinal manipulative thrust with 100-millisecond duration at 55% and 85% BW. (Color version of figure is available online.) Journal of Manipulative & Physiological Therapeutics 2014 37, 277-286DOI: (10.1016/j.jmpt.2014.04.001) Copyright © 2014 National University of Health Sciences Terms and Conditions

Fig 2 Summary showing the location (open circles) of 29/47 lateral thalamic neurons (at −2.5mm caudal from bregma) responding to mechanical stimulation applied to the trunk. The shading indicates the search area. The remaining 18 neurons not shown were located at different thalamic levels. LDVL, laterodorsal ventrolateral; Po, posterior; VL, ventral lateral; VPL, ventroposterolateral; VPM, ventroposteromedial. Journal of Manipulative & Physiological Therapeutics 2014 37, 277-286DOI: (10.1016/j.jmpt.2014.04.001) Copyright © 2014 National University of Health Sciences Terms and Conditions

Fig 3 Responses to trunk mechanical stimuli (upper row) of a single WDR thalamic neuron located (●) in the VL nucleus at −2.5mm caudal to bregma. Raw electrophysiological recordings of responses to lumbar trunk electronic von Frey stimuli in the 45° cranialward (161g) and dorsal-ventral direction (69g) (middle row). Note graded response to trunk stroke and trunk pinch (lower row). VL, ventral lateral; VPL, ventroposterolateral. Cal bar=1second. Journal of Manipulative & Physiological Therapeutics 2014 37, 277-286DOI: (10.1016/j.jmpt.2014.04.001) Copyright © 2014 National University of Health Sciences Terms and Conditions

Fig 4 Mean changes in lumbar trunk electronic von Frey mechanical activation response thresholds (grams) for the dorsal-ventral, 45° caudal and 45° cranial directions of WDR and NS lateral thalamic neurons following time-control, 55%, and 85% BW HVLA-SM thrust duration. Data are reported as means and 95% CIs (lower, upper 95% CI). NS, nociceptive specific; WDR, wide dynamic range. Journal of Manipulative & Physiological Therapeutics 2014 37, 277-286DOI: (10.1016/j.jmpt.2014.04.001) Copyright © 2014 National University of Health Sciences Terms and Conditions