English 1 Phsycology 1PA

part of speech, word order

Part of speech Noun: Thomas, shoe, birthday, etc. Pronoun: I, it, she, we, mine, theirs, etc. Verb: run, write, etc. Adverb: usually, excitedly, etc. Adjective: beautiful, four, yellow, etc. Conjunction: and, but, for, etc. Preposition: in, at, under, during, except etc. Interjection: ouch, hurray, oops, etc.

Subject, Verb, Complement & Modifier Subject: a person or a noun or an adjective that is being discussed, described, or dealt with. Verb: a word used to describe an action, state, or occurrence, and forming the main part of the predicate of a sentence. Complement: a word, phrase or clause that is necessary to complete the meaning of a given expression Modifier: an optional element in phrase or clause structure used to modify (change the meaning of) another element in the structure, on which it is dependent.

Subject Noun (phrase) or pronoun The tiny cat jumped outside our house. A gerund (phrase) Her excessive bragging was annoying. A to-infinitive (phrase) To sing is easier than to act. A full that-clause That he had won the war was known to everyone. A free relative clause Wherever he went was always a disaster. A direct quotation I love you is often heard these days. Zero (but implied) subject Open the door! An expletive it It is raining. A cataphor it It was known by everyone that he had won the war.

Examples Tress grow She opened her book Subject         Verb She            opened        her book Subject           Verb        Complement Henry and Marcia    have visited     the president Subject                 Verb Phrase        Complement George       is cooking          dinner                 tonight Subject       Verb Phrase     Complement       Modifier of Time She        opened      a checking account      at the bank             last week Subject      Verb             Complement          Modifier of Place     Modifier of Time

preposition, verb 123

Preposition Commonly used to link parts of a sentence(noun, pronoun or phrase) to another word. Prepositions of time In, on, at, by, for, to, from, until, since, during, etc. Prepositions of place In, on, at, by, for, to, from, above, over, below, out of, etc. Can also be used for idiomatic expression: In no time at all From time to time

Preposition In: On: At: From: By: Inside Month/year General time (morning, past) On: Day/date Vehicle Situation of a building At: Specific time Specific place / address From: It is generally means the opposite of to. For example: He came from/to Miami. Indicate length. From(a time/place) to (a time/place). By: To go past a place Near a place Mode of travel before

Exercise Make a sentence for each function of the prepositions! In: Inside Month/year General time (morning, past) On: Day/date Vehicle Situation of a building At: Specific time Specific place / address From: It is generally means the opposite of to. For example: He came from/to Miami. Indicate length. From(a time/place) to (a time/place). By: To go past a place Near a place/an object Mode of travel before

Present Subject + Auxiliary Verb + V-ing Subject + V1

Present Subject + have been Subject + have + V3 + V-ing (Past Participle Form)

Past Subject + was/were + V-ing Subject + V2

Past Subject + had been Subject + had + V3 + V-ing (Past Participle Form)

Future Subject + will / be going to + V1 Subject + will / (aux) going to + be + V-ing

Future Subject + will have been + V-ing Subject + will have + V3

Will or be going to? Prediction According to the weather report, it will be / is going to be cloudy tomorrow. Be careful! You’ll hurt yourself! Watch out! You’re going to hurt yourself! Prior plan Willingness A: The phone’s ringing. B: I’ll get it A: I don’t understand this problem. B: Ask your teacher about it. She’ll help you. A: Why did you buy this paint? B: I’m going to paint my bedroom tomorrow. I talked to Bob yesterday. He is tired of taking the bus to work. He’s going to buy a car. That’s what he told me.

Write the second and third verb form! Verb 2, Verb 3 Aim Bet Blow Forgive Hit Ring Speak Swear Throw Unite Aimed, aimed Bet, bet Blew, blown Forgave, forgiven Hit, hit Rang, rung Spoke, spoken Swore, sworn Threw, thrown United, united

Exercise Diane (sketch)_______ her dress designs every other day or so. She (try)_________ her best to concentrate. Kathy (sit, usually)____________in the front row during class. (lock,you,always)_______________________ the door to your house when you leave? She (blush)________ when he compliment her.

Exercise Use either the SIMPLE PAST or the PAST CONTINUOUS of the verbs in the parentheses. I (hear,not)___________ the thunder during the storm last night because I (sleep)__________. My sisters (argue)__________ about something when I (walk)_________ into the room. Stanley (climb)_________ the stairs when he (trip)_________ and (fall)_________. Luckily, he (hurt, not)__________ himself. While Mrs. Emerson (read)_________ the little boy a story, he (fall)________asleep, so she (close)________ the book and quietly (tiptoe) ________ out of the room.

adjective & adverb

Adjectives Used to modify/describe nouns. Miriam is an intelligent student. The children saw some beautiful pictures. Grandma loves her fat old cat. An adjective is neither singular nor plural. Final –s is never added.

Adjectives Number is an adjective She has two cars. This is a five-star hotel. Claude won the one-billion-dollar lottery.

Adverbs Used to modify verbs, adjectives, other adverbs or the whole sentence and to express time or frequency. To modify verbs: He walks quickly. She opened the door quietly.

Adverbs To modify adjectives: I am very happy. She is quite elegant. To modify other adverbs The soccer team played extremely badly last weekend. Adverbs of manner

Adverbs To modify the whole sentence Usually, Tom is never late. Bridgett is always on time. Ann will come tomorrow. Let’s go outside Adverbs of frequency Adverbs of time Adverbs of place

Adverbs commonly have a form of adjective + ly Some do not adjective dangerous dangerously careful carefully nice nicely horrible horribly easy easily electronic electronically adjective adverb good well fast hard

Exercise 1 George is a (careless, carelessly) writer. He writes (careless, carelessly). Frank asked me an (easy, easily) question. I answered it (easy, easily). Ali speaks English very (good, well). He has a very (good, well) pronunciation. Hannah dance (beautiful, beautifully). She is a (beautiful, beautifully) dancer. Hugh sneaks in (quiet, quietly). The house he is in is very (quiet, quietly).

Exercise 2 Which is the adverb or adjective? I find this case unusual. He was nervous about it. I found the money easily. We became thirsty. He suddenly became suspicious. He gets tired very quickly.

The end of lecture 1