Cellular Respiration

Adenosine Triphosphate Universal energy carrier of the cell Active transport Reproduction Movement Muscle contractions Protein synthesis Hydrolysis of ATP ATP + H2O  ADP + Pi + Energy Energy used to produce heat & drive processes

Cellular Respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP Glucose C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP Primarily in mitochondria Chemical energy in glucose converted to ATP Necessary for both consumers (heterotrophs) and producers (autotrophs)

Glycolysis Start: Glucose (6C) in cytoplasm 2ATP energizes the glucose Phosphate breaks from ATP Glucose (6C) broken into two Pyruvates (3C) Finish: Two pyruvates 4 ATPs NADH (H taxi)

Glycolysis Summary

Kreb’s Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) Step 1: Pyruvate broken down Pyruvate (3C) is split into Acetic Acid (2C) and CO2 More NADH created

Pyruvate #1 Pyruvate #2 Acetic acid Acetic acid NADH NADH C C C CO2 C C C CO2 NAD NAD Acetic acid Acetic acid

Step 2: Coenzyme A Acetic Acid (2C) combines with coenzyme A to create Acetyl-CoA (2C)

Acetyl CoA Acetic acid Acetyl CoA Acetic acid CoEnzyme A CoEnzyme A CoEnzyme A CoEnzyme A

Step 3: Citric Acid formed Acetyl-CoA (2C) binds with 4C molecule (from previous Kreb’s cycle) Citric Acid (6C) created

Acetyl CoA Acetyl CoA Citric Acid Citric Acid CoEnzyme A CoEnzyme A

Step 4: Citric Acid broken down Citric Acid (6C) broken into 5C molecule CO2 waste created More NADH created

Citric acid Citric acid 5C molecule 5C molecule NADH NADH C CO2 C C C

Step 5: 5C molecule broken down 5C molecule broken down into 4C molecule CO2 waste created More NADH created ATP created

5C molecule 5C molecule 4C molecule 4C molecule NADH ATP NADH ATP C CO2 C C CO2 C NAD NAD ADP ADP

Step 6: 4C molecule rearranged Enzymes rearrange the 4C molecule More NADH, FADH2 created 4C molecule restarts the Kreb’s cycle when bonded with Acetyl-CoA

4C molecule 4C molecule NADH FADH2 FADH2 NADH C C C C C C C C C C NAD

Citric acid Citric acid 4C molecule 4C molecule Citric acid Citric acid C C C C CoEnzyme A CoEnzyme A

Kreb’s Summary 2 Pyruvate molecules (from glycolysis) create: 6CO2, 2ATP, 8NADH, 2FADH2

Electron Transport Chain Step 1: Electrons removed Electrons removed from NADH and FADH2

Step 2: Hydrogen Ions Transported Proteins pump H+ ions across inner membrane of mitochondria H+ ions accumulate

H+ ions diffuse through protein channels to bind ADP + Pi ATP ATP ATP ATP Step 3: ATP produced H+ ions diffuse through protein channels to bind ADP + Pi 34 ATP created ATP

Oxygen binds with H+ ions to create 6H2O as a waste Step 4: Water created Oxygen binds with H+ ions to create 6H2O as a waste

Your essay question on the next test! Trace the flow of energy, including ATP, from the sun to your muscles, after eating a green leaf salad.

Kobe Kuiz Place the following steps in order from start to finish. A) 2ATP created when 5C molecule broken apart B) Acetic acid bonds to coenzyme A C) 4 ATP molecules created in the cytoplasm D) NADH and FADH2 deliver hydrogen electrons to mitochondria membrane E) Citric acid created F) Largest amount of ATP created when H travels through ATP synthase G) Glucose is broken into pyruvate molecules

Kobe Kuiz Place the following steps in order from start to finish. G) Glucose is broken into pyruvate molecules C) 4 ATP molecules created in the cytoplasm B) Acetic acid bonds to coenzyme A E) Citric acid created A) 2ATP created when 5C molecule broken apart D) NADH and FADH2 deliver hydrogen electrons to mitochondria membrane F) Largest amount of ATP created when H travels through ATP synthase