Chapter 6 The American Revolution 1774-1783 Page 148

Section 1: The Revolution Begins OBJECTIVES • Explain how the First Continental Congress and the fighting at Lexington and Concord affected the colonies’ dispute with Britain. • Analyze the accomplishments of the Second Continental Congress. • Explain geography’s influence on the war’s early battles.

A. First Continental Congress 1st meeting of 56 colonial delegates in Philadelphia Georgia only colony not represented What should be done? The Declaration of Resolves ? Congress agreed to meet again in a year King George III did not listen, ordered troops to the colonies

B. Shot Heard Round the World Minutemen begin training around Boston General Thomas Gage- wanted to capture weapons around Concord Colonist spies learned of Plan Signal- 1 if by land, 2 if by sea April 18, 1775- Paul Revere- “The British are coming” British Marched on Lexington

C. Lexington and Concord 70 Minutemen met British force at Concord Shot rang out, war officially begins British marched on to Concord Didn’t find weapons March home More minutemen showed up British “Redcoats” suffer 250 casualties on March back to Boston

D. Second Continental Congress Meet May 1775 Organize and fund Continental Army Make Washington commander Olive Branch Petition-

E. Early Battles Fort Ticonderoga- Benedict Arnold and Ethan Allen Captured fort and important cannons Bunker Hill Actually fought on Breeds hill outside of Boston Don’t fire until you see the white of their eyes British win? Suffer 1000 casualties to colonist 400 Dorchester Heights Guns from Fort T. arrive on 300 mile journey-Henry Knox Guns force British General Howe to evacuate Boston

Section 2: Declaring Independence OBJECTIVES • Evaluate the influence of Common Sense on the colonies. • Analyze the effect of Enlightenment ideas on the Declaration of Independence. • Explain the issues addressed by the Declaration of Independence.

A. Paine’s Common Sense Thomas Paine- wrote pamphlet “Common Sense” Circulated throughout colony Explained why should be independent Declaring Independence- written by 5 man committee Thomas Jefferson gets most of the credit List grievances against King and why colonies should be independent Approved July 4th, 1776

B. Choosing Sides Patriots- Loyalists- Other Reactions: “All men created equal?” What about women and African Americans? Slavery in all colonies, but Revolution created debate

Section 3: Dark Hours OBJECTIVES • Examine the Patriots’ advantages and disadvantages at the onset of the Revolution. • Explore the contributions of various groups to the war effort. • Describe the problem the Patriots faced in Canada and New York.

A. Advantages vs. Disadvantages Britain Money Large Military force and Navy Disadvantages- far from supplies, far from home Colonists Citizens supported the war Fighting at home Fighting for a cause Disadvantages- no navy, no organized army

B. Raising Troops Washington raised troops for Continental army Should African Americans serve? Lord Dunmore’s Proclamation British more successful in gaining Native Allies Mohawk Women were especially helpful to colonist Deborah Sampson? Mary Ludwig?

C. Crushing Blows Canada New York Montgomery and Arnold try to take Quebec- fail New York General Washington tried to defend New York against British invasion- fail Suffered more than a thousand casualties Washington lost most populous city in colonies By end of 1776 into 1777 looking awful for colonist

Section 4: New Hopes Analyze Patriot strategy Discuss the effects of the Battle of Saratoga Describe how Americans carried out Naval war

A. Victory in New Jersey Washington needed a win to keep the army together General Howe- resting troops for winter, left Hessians at Trenton to keep eye on Washington’s army Christmas night 1776, led starved army across Delaware river Surprised Hessians- captured the whole force Only took 5 casualties Battle of Trenton- WIN

B. New British Strategy British wanted to cut off New England from rest of colony North from New York South From Canada East from Great Lakes Howe- instead marched on Philly Sep 11, 1777- routed Washington and captured the city Battle of Brandywine Creek

C. Saratoga General Burgoyne continued south from Canada Thought he had help from two other armies Neither were coming Battle of Saratoga October 17, 1777, Benedict Arnold and Horatio Gates force Burgoyne to surrender Most important victory yet

D. Foreign Allies French formally declared alliance with Americans after Saratoga Marquis de Lafayette- Spain- Spain allied with France in 1779 Took advantage of situation Bernardo de Galvez- attacked British forces in Gulf Region and Mississippi

E. Valley Forge Winter 1777-78 Army suffering, hungry, cold Washington held the army together Baron Von Steuben- Prussian army officer trained the army Emerged from Valley Forge a new trained fighting force

F. Naval War Colonist relied on Merchant vessels to raid British ships Attacked supplied lines and avoided British Navy John Paul Jones Took fight to British waters Took on British Serapis “I have not yet begun to fight” British ship surrendered

Section 5: Independence Explain how geography helped the Patriots Describe the progress of the Southern campaign Examine events that ended the fighting

A. The War in the West George Rogers Clark Organized forces Over the Mountain Boys Battle of Vincennes- took town from British Convinced many Natives to abandon the British

B. War in the South British shift war to the south Send General Lord Cornwallis Worked- captured Savannah and Charleston Captured 5,000 soldiers Destroyed Patriot resources Camden- South Carolina- Horatio gates destroyed by British forces Only 700 of a 4,100 army not captured or killed Southern Army basically destroyed

C. Guerilla Warfare To stall British, relied on guerilla warfare Francis Marion- the swamp fox- attacked British supply lines and laid ambushes Avoided capture and slowed British adavance

D. Yorktown 1781- once again, Patriots low on morale and supplies Benedict Arnold betrayed colonies and switched sides Cornwallis moved to York town Washington saw opportunity Convinced French fleet under Comte de Grasse to trap him by sea Washington and French general Rochambeau marched south and trapped him by land Surrounded him with 16,000 troops October 19th 1781- Cornwallis surrendered

E. Treaty of Paris A few Battles happen after Yorktown Truce talks begin 1783- Treat of Paris ends the war British recognize US Established US borders US now a nation