Chapter 10 Muslim Civilizations Muslim Civilization’s Golden Age India’s Muslim Empires The Ottoman and Safavid Empires  

Social and Economic Advances Muslims Build an International Trade Network Merchants were honored in Islam because Muhammad was a merchant Camel Caravans crossed the Saharad Trade spread technology, products and knowledge Lots of money led to new businesses Invented what is known as checks

Social and Economic Advances Manufactured Goods are Highly Valued Agriculture Thrives Guilds were organized Regulated prices, methods of production and measures Produced many fine goods Thrived in many different climates Organized irrigation systems Cultivated sugar cane, cotton, herbs and flowers Nomads continued to travel deserts

Social and Economic Advances Social Structure and Slavery Enjoyed social mobility Slavery was common Encouraged freeing slaves Slaves were able to buy Freedom Most were household workers

Muslim Art, Literature, and Architecture Poetry and Tales of Adventure Chivalry was most important theme Elaborate poetry rules Explored religious and worldly themes Book of Kings tells the history of Persia Liked to tell stories

Muslim Art, Literature, and Architecture Religious Buildings Nonreligious Art Domed mosques dominated Muslim cities Domes were decorated on the inside with elaborate patterns Perfected Calligraphy Human and animal figures Excelled at miniature paintings

Muslims Seek Knowledge Centers of Learning Baghdad was the center Cairo, Cordoba and Timbuktu were learning centers as well Advanced in many subjects Philosophy and History Translated Greek works Believed in Divine revelation Studied history to learn causes of events Mathematics Pioneered study of algebra Wrote the standard math texts

The Delhi Sultanate The Sultan of Dehli Defeats the Hindus In 1000 Muslim Turks and Afghans took India Fierce Warriors In 1100s Sultans took the North Started Muslim rule in India Won battles because of archers Hindus were battling each other Hindus converted to Islam

Indian Government and Society The Delhi Sultanate Indian Government and Society Sultans Lose Power Introduced Muslim forms of government Trade between India and Muslim lands grew Scholars fled from Baghdad to India and spread knowledge In 1398 Tamerlane invaded India Sultans no longer controlled India Northern India fragmented to rival Muslim empires

Muslims and Hindus Clash Hindu-Muslim Differences Many Hindus were killed during battles Hinduism was an ancient faith that worshipped Idols Islam was a new religion that worshipped one God Brahmans were Hindu priests Islam had no religious hierarchy

Muslims and Hindus Clash A Blending of Cultures Muslims grew more tolerant of Hindus Hindus were allowed to practice their religion Some local Hindu rulers were left in place Indian Muslims absorbed parts of Hindu culture Urdu combined both the Persian and Arabic languages Sikhism developed as a new religion that was a blend of Islam and Hindu beliefs

Mughal India Babur Akbar the Great Claimed descent from Genghis Khan Swept through Mughal Dynasty Babur’s grandson Was a tolerant and respected leader Let Hindu princes help rule Could not read or write Had many advisors Started to pay government officials so they would be more productive

Mughal India Akbar’s Successors Jahangir, Akbar’s grandson was weak His wife often made decisions She was an able leader Shah Jahan expanded literature, architecture and art Built the Taj Mahal as a tomb for his wife Planned to build a matching one for himself His son overthrew him and jailed him until his death  

The Ottoman Empire Expands Society is Organized Into Classes Organized a large government Divided into classes Men of the Sword Men of the Pen Men of Negotiation Men of Husbandry Highest class was all Muslims Lower classes include non-Muslims

The Ottoman Empire Expands Janizaries-The Elite Force Christian families were forced to turn over their sons for government service They were converted to Islam Were trained in the Palace Best became apart of the Elite forces Non-Muslim girls served as slaves in Muslim households

The Ottoman Empire Literature and Arts Decline of Ottomans Art blossomed Influenced by Persian styles Royal architects built many mosques After Suleyman’s deatht he empire began to decline Killed his most able sons Left his weak son as ruler By the 1700s Russia and other European powers began to invade

The Safavid Empire Abbas the Great United empire in Persia King was called the Shah Used force and diplomacy against Ottomans Reduced taxes on farmers and herders to improve economy Built a new capital

The Safavid Empire The Safavid Empire Declines Could not withstand Ottoman Empire Scholars challenged authority Qajars took over Iran in the 1700s Tehran became the new capital

Vocabulary Sultan Muslim Ruler Social Mobility The ability to move up in social classes Fidawsi Arabic script Omar Khayyam Famous Muslim astronomer and scholar Calligraphy the art of beautiful handwriting Ibn Khaldun Arab scientific thinker Al-Khwarizmi Muslim mathematician Ibn Sina Famous Persian physician

Vocabulary Delhi Hindu capital Rajah local Hindu rulers Sikhism Blend of Islamic and Hindu beliefs Babur Leader of Turkish Mongol armies Mughal Dynasty that ruled India from 1526-1857 Akbar Babur’s grandson, Mughal leader Nur Jahan Wife of Akbar’s son, ruled through husband Shah Jahan Akbar’s grandson, Mughal leader

Vocabulary Ottomans Turkish-speaking nomadic people Istanbul Formerly Constantinople, capital of Ottoman Empire Suleyman Ruled Ottoman Empire from 1520-1566 Janizary Elite force of the Ottoman empire Safavid Persian dynasty Shah Persian king Shah Abbas Ruler of Persia, revived Persian Empire Isfahan Capital of Safavid Qajars Dynasty that took over Persia in the 1700s Tehran Capital of Iran