5G: Developments and Action Agenda Rekha Jain IIMA IDEA Telecom Centre of Excellence IIM Ahmedabad rekha@iima.ac.in

New technologies with very high end and diverse capabilities Not just higher speeds or bandwidths Multiple Technologies working together, Wide array of application scenarios: Massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC) Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency Communications (uRLLC): Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) Both Licensed and Unlicensed bands New Air Interface, mm Wave, (new bands) 60 GHz, Massive Input/Massive Output Antenna Full duplex NOMA

Trade off in speed, latency, coverage and spectral efficiency

Digital Transformation Distributed cloud server, Programmable network towards the edge Digital Transformation Broadband Mobility Cloud Telecom Operators Devices Multi-model New operators from other Industry Industry Society

Specifications Two primary drafting bodies :ITU and 3GPP Drafts: ITU – IMT2020 3GPP – Release 15 Work on definition of new architecture began in 2016 Work on New Radio Interface began in March, 2017.

Issues No standard yet defined by 3GPP Transition is likely to follow an incremental path. Both LTE and NR will evolve Some of the objectives of 5G could be achieved thanks to functionalities or technology introduced in 3GPP releases 13,14,15 actually focus on evolution of 4G - which some refer to as 4.9G or LTE Advanced Pro

Development Path Early 5G may adopt these developments Strong integration between 4G and 5G and also strong convergence between licensed and unlicensed bands. This began with 4G -> LTE – LAA i.e. LTE with license assisted access to LTE – LWA (LTE with WiFi linked aggregates).

Development Path Initial stage - mid 2017 System optimization – mid 2019 Full scale development – 2019-2020 Developing 5G will require Leading edge technology Choice of frequency bands Standards R&D and Standards

5G Action Plan EU Roadmap and priorities for coordinated 5G developments across EU members Target early development by 2018 and full scale implementation by 2020 Provisional frequency bands – make them available before WRC-19 to be complemented by additional bands. Promote multi stakeholder development Facilitate industry led venture fund for innovation.

US Spectrum Infrastructure: Tower deployments regulations – sharing urban Backhaul – how to create competitive quality backhaul Open up 11 GHz of high frequency spectrum: Licensed bands - 3.85 GHz in 27.5-28.35 and 37-40 GHz bands Unlicensed bands - 7 GHz in 64-72 GHz bands

Challenges of 5G Target is vertical markets Connected car and factories in the west What for India? – specific funds and initiatives in each vertical Spectrum harmonisation Because of a variety (eMBB, uRLL), it requires spectrum from a variety of bands Extended coverage – low frequency Ultra high speed – very large channel - very high frequency Further, satellite services will contribute for difficult to reach areas.

Increasingly small cells Continual channel for capacity Increasing small cells Wide spread development of low power base station Access to physical locations? Tower sharing? Net Neutrality Because network traffic will need to be “managed” for network slicing Therefore net neutrality should review this under specialized service.

Challenges of 5G Multiple Services Infrastructure Communication Security Legislation

Spectrum Bands below 6 GHz (5G also needs these for large coverage) already harmonised in Europe Spectrum availability 400 MHz Other bands below 6 GHz Reframing existing 2G, 3G, 4G bands but challenging as they use duplexing anyway using existing bands means studying existing applications. Also studies for 700 MHz and L Band (1427-1492 MHz) under way.

US, South Korea and Japan have decided to perform trials in the 28 GHz band, and Qualcomm and Samsung have begun manufacturing equipments these bands. For France, 26 GHz bands and 32 GHz and 42 GHz bands

Depending upon technology emerging in these areas MM Waves (WRC – 15 (Geneva)) “allocated” bands between 24 GHz and 86 GHz (33.25 GHz in total): 24.25-27.50 GHz 31.80-33.40 GHz 37.00-43.50 GHz 45.50-50.20 GHz 50.40-52.60 GHz 66.00-76.00 GHz 81.00-86.00 GHz More like European Recommendations Depending upon technology emerging in these areas

5G spectrum band development. Bands (in MHz) / Country 700 3100-3550 3300 3300 - 3600 3400 3400 - 3800 3600 - 4200 3700 - 4200 4400 - 4500 4400 - 4900 4400 - 4990 USA    Europe China  (Trials going on) Japan India  (Proposed) (in GHz) / Country 24.25 - 27.5 27.5 - 28.28 37 - 40 37 - 43.5  (pre - commercial development in 2018)  (Commercial deployment from 2020)  (under study)  (trials from 2017, deployment by 2020) Source: 1. https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0021/97023/5G-update-08022017.pdf 2. https://gsacom.com/5g-spectrum-bands/ 3. https://telecomtalk.info/indian-govt-5g-spectrum/161326/ 4. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/govt-to-auction-5g-spectrum-in-frequencies-above-3k-mhz/articleshow/57564796.cms

Questions 5G initiatives Government ? Europe – 5G PPP – EU - €700 mn in public funding Partnership between academia and industry Facilitate large scale experiment Regain technical leadership Lead to 5G action plan (in line with 3G PPP and ITU)

Questions for Deliberations Has DoT identified Sub GHz band? Low (below 3GHz) and Medium (3-6 GHz) bands? Bands above 6 GHz? Is the identified Bandwidth adequate? What would be required to make more spectrum available What should be the priority for assigning spectrum bands? What process should be used for backhaul spectrum allocation?

Questions for Deliberations What new methods of spectrum sharing may be used for the spectrum in the new bands? How and what process should be adopted to support India specific standards? How should we create an India specific sandbox for applications. How would this contribute to global standards? What new regulation is required for 5G What specific mechanism is required to work in tandem with other sectors?

Questions for Deliberations What should be the mechanism for creating a venture fund? How should the organizational mechanism be designed for effective operation of such a fund? What changes if any are required in the Net Neutrality regime What lessons do we learn from global deployments?

There is a need to develop India specific standards for interfaces (such as UPI for mobile financial inclusion) and gateways to ensure interoperability and fast adoption. The Low Mobility Large Cell standard from India (TSDSI) has been accepted as a mandatory evaluation parameter for 5G, thus taking into account Indian requirements. Platforms, gateways for specific verticals will also need to be worked out. Testing and certification systems and processes need to be set up. Boosting indigenous development of testing devices will accelerate the deployment. Questions :. How and what process should be adopted to support India specific standards?

Thank You

Building Blocks: Air Interface New Technologies Air Interface Millimetre wave frequencies – frequencies above 6 GHz for mobile fronthaul Not considered before because of propagation characteristics and technological maturity. Considering the used cases, the demand for wide channels (over 100 MHz per user) and higher data rates. New Bands: mm waves miniaturized low-cost energy level consumption compatible with portable devices. because of poor propagation characteristics, each cell will have limited coverage.

Building Blocks Massive MIMO (Multiple Inputs – Multiple Outputs): Large number of smart micro-antennae, located on the same panel Helps increase data rate and beamforming (i.e. focusing energy on a device) for minimizing link budget Full Duplex: Simultaneous transmission and reception of data, on the same frequencies, at the same time and in the same location

Building Blocks IoT waveforms: New standards (EC-GSM or Extended Coverage GSM, LTE-(e)MTC or enhancements for Machine Type Communications, NB-IoT or Narrow Band IoT) which were defined by 3GPP in Release 13 but, as they are based on 2G and 4G, they do not provide the same level of 5G performance envisaged.

Building Blocks (Generic Features) Network architecture Software-defined networking (SDN) and network functions virtualisation (NFV): Earlier control and data plane tightly coupled Control was a plane part of hardware normally. In SDN it is a part of the cloud and free of hardware. NFV virtualises firewall, network core, interfaces between different systems, etc.

Building Blocks (Generic Features) Now feasible to bring in flexibility through network slicing because of softwarization and virtualization of a large no. of network components – Software defined networking and Network Function Virtualization i.e. to have as many reconfigurable components as possible. because of improved performance in terms of baseband coding, bitstream management, signal processing, etc While some technologies are already available, massive MIMO, NFV. NOMA and mobile edge computing (MEC), yet to evolve. Need for standards, because of requirement of interoperability. .

Building Blocks (Generic Features) CloudRAN: Centralized-RAN An evolution of SDN. The base stations currently installed at the base station level moved to the cloud and centralised. Such units communicate with the radio heads, close to the antenna. Centralisation gives more optimum performance across devices.

Building Blocks Optimised content delivery (mobile CDN): Use predictive algorithms to cache content closest to the mobile users. Mobile Edge Computing (MEC): Evolution of mobile CDN; in addition to bringing data closer to devices, is to provide devices with computing resources close to the devices (hence low latency) and hence manage demanding applications.

Building Blocks Device-to-device (D2D) Direct form of communication between two nearby devices, while Bluetooth and Wi-Fi already exist, new mesh networking technology will be introduced with 4.9G and later 5G - LTE-direct. more efficient than previous ones, range upto 500 metres and geolocation capabilities, low latency very good for vehicle-to-vehicle communications.

Japan Bands for 5G development: 3600-4200 MHz, 4400-4900 MHz and 27.5-29.5 GHz Testing currently: 3600-4100 MHz, 4405-4895 MHz and 27.5-28.28 GHz (to be ready by 2019) China Bands for 5G development:3300-3400 MHz, 4400-4500 MHz and 4800-4990 MHz For higher speed spectrum around 25 GHz and 40 GHz also being considered. South Korea Bands for 5G development: 26.5 – 29.5 GHz Pre commercial services to be ready by 2018.

The focuses will be on carrier Aggregation, Massive MIMO, Network Function Virtualization. NR carriers in millimeter bands (more disruptive technologies), non orthogonal multiple access and mobile edge computing

From mobile operators and customer communications point of view Media / Healthcare Wide diversity of users, Users digitization of economy and solution 3G / 4G Consumer communication, Video download, Mobile App.

Issues and Challenges Eight key performance indicators (ITU-IMT2020) Peak data rate (Gbit/s) User experienced data rate (Mbit/s) Spectrum efficiency (bit/Hz) Device mobility (km/h) Latency (ms) Connection density (number of connected/accessible objects per km²) Network’s energy efficiency Area traffic capacity (Mbit/s/m²)

So What is 5G? Multi-tech 5G targets many sectors. Different types of requirements for various applications – 5G envisaged to be capable of adaptation including for the most demanding scenarios. Collaborating with existing networks Evolution of 4G and then 5G: Better performance but as a continuation of existing 4G, 4.5G, 4.9G. Early deployments could be 4.9 G. Subsequent encapsulation in 4G. Multi model devices :Will normally connect to 4G but will have transition to 5G when available

5G Characteristics Massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC): Broad coverage, low energy consumption and relatively slow transmission speeds. 5G brings connectivity across geographic areas that are wide spread. Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB): Provides fast connection speed for high definition video and virtual reality. Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency Communications (uRLLC): Extreme reactive and very strong message transmission guarantee specially for health care services.