Fundamental Locomotion Skills of Childhood Chapter 12 Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

Fundamental Skills of Locomotion Once children are able to walk without support, they can start to develop other locomotion skills to explore their surroundings. Walking Running Jumping Galloping Sliding Skipping Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers Walking Development Gait cycle Swing phase Support phase Double support phase Balance (postural control) Static balance Dynamic balance Elements that improve as one becomes a more confident walker: Dynamic base Foot angle Speed Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

Selected Walking Characteristics and Their Ages of Appearance Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

Selected Improvements in Walking Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

Constraints on the Development of Independent Walking Muscular strength Balance Walking with external loads Clothing/footwear Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

Running—An Extension of Walking Children exhibit early running skills 6–7 months after onset of independent walking Developmental aspects of the running pattern: Support phase Airborne or flight phase Recovery phase Arm actions Flight phase Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

Total Body Approach to Running See Figure 12.3 for full details of each stage. Total Body Approach to Running From this: To this: And finally to this: This and all similar images are used with permission of Dr. John Haubenstricker. Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers Running Speeds Fairly consistent year-to-year improvement for both boys and girls Girls’ running speed peaked at 14–15 years old; boys’ speed continued to improve beyond age 17 For boys, speed improved 20% between the ages of 9 and 17; for girls, speed improved 8% Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

Reflecting on “Girls” Running How do you think the phrase “You run like a girl” originated? If you are a female runner, how would you react if someone said this to you? Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers Jumping A movement that occurs when the body is projected into the air by force generated in one or both legs and the body lands on one or both feet. Hop Leap Vertical jump Horizontal jump Requires strength and muscle power Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers Phases in Jumping Preparatory phase Takeoff phase Flight phase Landing phase Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

Total Body Approach to Standing Long Jump See Figure 12.6 for full details of each stage. Total Body Approach to Standing Long Jump From this: To this: And finally to this: Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

Developmental Sequence for Vertical Jumping Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers Vertical Jump Performance Variables for Children 7–11 Years of Age (N = 480) Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers Hopping A form of jumping in which one foot is used to project the body into space; the landing is on the same propelling foot. Requires additional strength and better balance. Children prefer hopping on their preferred foot. Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

Combining Fundamental Movements Gallop: A forward step followed by a leap onto the trailing foot Slide: Essentially the same as a gallop but performed sideways Skip: A forward step followed by hop on the same foot; leading leg alternates As an adult, do you still gallop, slide, or hop? Do you enjoy performing these movements? Or do you associate them with childhood and children? Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

Total Body Approach to Skipping See Figure 12.9 for full details of each stage. Total Body Approach to Skipping From this: To this: And finally to this: Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

Video— Teaching a Child to Skip Watch this video for a detailed breakdown of the various stages of skipping. Have you ever given any thought to all the processes involved in what now seems so simple? Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers