Analysis of 109 Japanese children's lip and nose shapes using 3-dimensional digitizer  Ayako Mori, Tatsuo Nakajima, Tsuyoshi Kaneko, Hisashi Sakuma, Yoshimitsu Aoki  British Journal of Plastic Surgery  Volume 58, Issue 3, Pages 318-329 (April 2005) DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2004.11.019 Copyright © 2005 The British Association of Plastic Surgeons Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Measurement points are shown in the frontal view. 1, the distance between the peaks of the Cupid's bow (cph–cph); 2, the width of the labial fissure (ch–ch) (cph, crista philitri; ch, cheilion). British Journal of Plastic Surgery 2005 58, 318-329DOI: (10.1016/j.bjps.2004.11.019) Copyright © 2005 The British Association of Plastic Surgeons Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Measurement points are shown in the basal view. 3, the width of the nose (the diameter in the widest part of the nose measured by a sliding caliper, al–al); 4, The nasal tip protrusion (sn–prn) (al, alare; sn, subnasale; prn, pronasale). British Journal of Plastic Surgery 2005 58, 318-329DOI: (10.1016/j.bjps.2004.11.019) Copyright © 2005 The British Association of Plastic Surgeons Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Measurement points are shown in the lateral view. 5, NLA (nasolabial angle) (formed by the columella and the surface of the upper lip). British Journal of Plastic Surgery 2005 58, 318-329DOI: (10.1016/j.bjps.2004.11.019) Copyright © 2005 The British Association of Plastic Surgeons Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 Our philtral column shape classification. The upper figures are schemas, and the lower figures are pictures showing typical shapes. (1) Triangular type: the origins of the philtral column are located near both sides of the medial crural footplates. (2) Parallel type: the philtral columns originate from the nostril sills, and exhibit an almost parallel shape. (3) Concave type: the upper cross of the philtral columns is located in the middle of the upper lip, and there is no philtrum dimple in the upper half of the upper lip. (4) Flat type: the philtral columns have almost no prominence. British Journal of Plastic Surgery 2005 58, 318-329DOI: (10.1016/j.bjps.2004.11.019) Copyright © 2005 The British Association of Plastic Surgeons Terms and Conditions

Figure 5 Nostril shape classification which Farkas, et al. (1971)9 modified by adding type 7 (kinked nasal alae and reversed oblique longitudinal axis) to Topiard's (1885) classification. British Journal of Plastic Surgery 2005 58, 318-329DOI: (10.1016/j.bjps.2004.11.019) Copyright © 2005 The British Association of Plastic Surgeons Terms and Conditions

Figure 6 Our nostril shape classification. The upper figures are schemas, and the lower figures are pictures showing typical shapes. (1) Teardrop type: the shape has a long length, a pointed upper apex, and a rounded lower base (like a teardrop). (2) Heart shaped type: there are two apexes (medial and lateral) on the upper boarder of the nostril. (3) Round type: the nostril has a round shape. (4) Triangular type: the lateral side of the nostril is larger than the medial side. British Journal of Plastic Surgery 2005 58, 318-329DOI: (10.1016/j.bjps.2004.11.019) Copyright © 2005 The British Association of Plastic Surgeons Terms and Conditions

Figure 7 Set-up for the laser measurements. It is preferable to gently support the head from behind in order to make subjects (children) feel relaxed. It is possible to perform the measurements in natural light. British Journal of Plastic Surgery 2005 58, 318-329DOI: (10.1016/j.bjps.2004.11.019) Copyright © 2005 The British Association of Plastic Surgeons Terms and Conditions

Figure 8 Facial point line data which are obtained using the TDS-1500A are rotated on the computer screen to the orientation suitable for each measurement. Images already have distance data. 1, frontal view; 2, basal view; 3, lateral view; 4, three lateral images are processed using the 3-dimensional data converting and editing software in order to obtain angle data. British Journal of Plastic Surgery 2005 58, 318-329DOI: (10.1016/j.bjps.2004.11.019) Copyright © 2005 The British Association of Plastic Surgeons Terms and Conditions

Figure 9 1, lips; 2, nostrils. On the screen, the nostrils and the vermilions are defined. These areas are painted out, and the surface areas are calculated. British Journal of Plastic Surgery 2005 58, 318-329DOI: (10.1016/j.bjps.2004.11.019) Copyright © 2005 The British Association of Plastic Surgeons Terms and Conditions

Figure 10 Differences in facial configuration depending on NLA. 1, maximum NLA (120°); 2, minimum NLA (65°); 3, average NLA (95°). British Journal of Plastic Surgery 2005 58, 318-329DOI: (10.1016/j.bjps.2004.11.019) Copyright © 2005 The British Association of Plastic Surgeons Terms and Conditions

Figure 11 Breakdown of the philtral column shape classification of normal Japanese children. X axis: philtral column shape, Y axis: number of children. British Journal of Plastic Surgery 2005 58, 318-329DOI: (10.1016/j.bjps.2004.11.019) Copyright © 2005 The British Association of Plastic Surgeons Terms and Conditions

Figure 12 Breakdown of the nostril shape classification of normal Japanese children. X axis: nostril shape, Y axis: number of children. British Journal of Plastic Surgery 2005 58, 318-329DOI: (10.1016/j.bjps.2004.11.019) Copyright © 2005 The British Association of Plastic Surgeons Terms and Conditions

Figure 13 Standard 3-dimensional facial model of normal Japanese children. 1, frontal view; 2, basal view; 3, lateral view. British Journal of Plastic Surgery 2005 58, 318-329DOI: (10.1016/j.bjps.2004.11.019) Copyright © 2005 The British Association of Plastic Surgeons Terms and Conditions

Figure 14 Schema for the measurement principle of the TDS1500A. A laser beam hits a measurement object and is scattered. This scattered beam is focused on a charge-coupled device (CCD) using a condenser lens. The CCD focus position is input as a measured value, and is converted to distance data using the principle of triangulation. By scanning these light axes using a galvano mirror, point group data of multiple points are obtained in a short time. British Journal of Plastic Surgery 2005 58, 318-329DOI: (10.1016/j.bjps.2004.11.019) Copyright © 2005 The British Association of Plastic Surgeons Terms and Conditions