Biochemistry Notes pt. 3

Four Main Types of Organic Molecules that Make up living things 1.  2.  3.  4.  CARBOHYDRATES LIPIDS (fats) PROTEINS NUCLEIC ACIDS We call these four main types of carbon- based molecules MACROMOLECULES •  These substances have certain MOLECULAR STRUCTURES & BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS.

Organic Compounds Contain Carbon & Hydrogen Necessary for life to exist Macromolecules with a carbon backbone These backbones can be 3 different forms

Different Backbone forms C – C – C – C – C – C (straight chain) C – C C – C – C – C – C (branched) C – C – C C C C (ring) C C C

Backbone form The shape depends on the arrangement of the carbon atoms that make up the backbone The shape defines the properties and function in living organisms.

CHNOPS WHAT ARE THE ELEMENTS THAT ORGANIC MOLECULES?? MAKE UP Answer : •  MAKE UP •  Answer : •  Organic molecules MUST be made of Carbon & Hydrogen. They CAN contain Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus & Sulfur.

Monomers & Polymers of organic molecules Monomer – base unit or a building block of a polymer (macromolecules) Mono means ONE Poly means MANY Polymer (macromolecules) – many monomers bonded together (long chain unit) Examples: Amino acids are the monomers (building blocks) of Proteins. Monosaccharides are monomers of Carbohydrates

Monomers & Polymers Monomer Polymer

Remember, Remember… Monomers (building blocks) covalently bond together to form a polymer (macromolecule)

Organic Molecules of Living Things In addition to hydrogen and carbon they contain atoms of other elements They tend to be large and complex

Macromolecule 1: CARBOHYDRATES Simple Sugars Complex Carbs

Macromolecule 1: CARBOHYDRATES Monosaccharides Polysaccharides

CARBOHYDRATES C6H12O6 Macromolecule 1: Carbohydrates are used in our bodies to store potential energy & release energy when our bodies need to use it. They are made of carbon, hydrogen & oxygen. The simplest type of carbohydrate is a simple sugar called a monosaccharide. Carbohydrates have a ratio of about 2 Hydrogens to 1 •  •  •  •  Carbon to 1 Oxygen. Glucose = C6H12O6

What is Your Function? The primary function of carbohydrates is for short-term energy storage (sugars are for Energy). A secondary function is intermediate-term energy storage (as in starch for plants and glycogen for animals).

MONOSACCHARIDES vs. DISACCHARIDES vs. POLYSACCHARIDES •  MONO = One •  DI= Two POLY= Many •  Monosaccharides like glucose & fructose can combine together to form: •  Disaccharides like sucrose which combine together to form: •  Polysaccharides (polymer) like starch & cellulose. •  WHICH IS BIGGER? A monosaccharide or a disaccharide or a polysaccharide?

Monosaccharides Some carbohydrates are relatively small molecules, the most important to us is glucose which has 6 carbon atoms. These simple sugars are called monosaccharides

Disaccharides Hooking two monosaccharides together forms a more complex sugar. Compounds such as sucrose are called Disaccharides (two sugars). Both monosaccharides and disaccharides are soluble in water.

Polysaccharides Larger, more complex carbohydrates are formed by linking shorter units together to form long or very long sugar chains called Polysaccharides. Because of their size, these are often times not soluble in water.

Monosaccharides BUILD POLYSACCHARIDES

But wait! There’s More Many biologically important compounds such as starches and cellulose are Polysaccharides.

Complex Carbohydrate Large polymers of sugars are called Carbohydrates. The term Complex Carbohydrate, or sometimes even just Carbohydrate refers to long chains of sugars. Three common types of complex carb's are: Starch – used for long term energy storage in plants Cellulose – used for plant cell wall structure Glycogen – used for long term energy storage in humans

Monomers JOIN TOGETHER!...But how!? The subunits (monomers) of the macromolecules (polymers) are covalently-bonded. The covalent bonds between the subunits are always formed by a type of reaction This reaction is called Dehydration Synthesis (making something while losing water – get it? LOSING WATER… DEHYDRATION!)

Dehydration Synthesis •  When a water (H & OH) is removed from monosaccharides, a disaccharide can be formed. •  When combining monosaccharides to form a disaccharide, there usually has to be a loss H and an OH. •  This is also known as DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS because a water molecule is removed. of an

So, what happens? During dehydration synthesis, a water molecule is lost, electrons are rearranged, and a new bond is formed between the subunits.

COVALENT BOND FORMS

Hydrolysis Your body wants to BREAK DOWN disaccharides into simple sugars (monosaccharides). •   •   When breaking down a disaccharide into monosaccharides, a water (a H and an OH) is added back into the two simple sugars.