Wake-up Explain a vestigial structure. Explain the difference between divergent and convergent evolution.

Wake-up What are two factors that contribute to natural selection? (back of notes) There are two variations of moths: Black and Peppered. Birds love to eat these moths. Relate the picture below to natural selection.

Speciation Christopherson

What is a species? Organisms that can interbreed and produce viable (usable) and fertile (able to reproduce) offspring

What is Speciation? Formation of a new species; one species changing over time becoming two species

Causes of Speciation 1. Geographic isolation

Geographic Isolation: Explain Separation of of species by a geographical feature such as a river, mountain range, ocean, or desert

Result Reproductive isolation - Prevent “mating” between the separated population

Example: Darwin’s Finches Start 1:25-3:52 Finches separated on different islands; adapted to different diets (seeds, insects, flowers, the blood of seabirds, and leaves); became reproductively isolated

Example: Galapagos Tortoise’s

Example: Lemurs

Lemurs in Durham?

Causes of Speciation Reduction in Gene flow

Speciation summary

Evolutionary history of organisms Define: Phylogeny Evolutionary history of organisms

Phylogenetic Trees/Cladogram Diagram representing evolutionary relationships or similar characteristics

How to Read a Phylogenetic Tree Organisms Branch = Speciation Characteristics Common Ancestor

How to Make a Phylogenetic Tree #1 Group organisms by shared characteristics; often provided

How to Make a Phylogenetic Tree Place X’s according to what characteristics the organisms have. Characteristics Shark Bullfrog Kangaroo Human Vertebrate Two pairs of limbs Mammary glands Placenta x x x x x x x x x x In case you don’t know what a placenta is, I have attached a picture. I have also attached a video of a kangaroo showing how it works as a marsupial.

How to make a Phylogenetic Tree #2 Place characteristics on the phylogenic tree; The characteristic that all organisms share will be at the bottom. Shared characteristic by all

Placenta Mammary Glands Pairs of Limbs Vertebrate

How to make a Phylogenetic Tree #3 Place organisms on the tree; organism with the fewest characteristics on the first line Organism with fewest Organism with most

Human Kangaroo Bullfrog Shark Placenta Mammary Glands Pairs of Limbs Vertebrate

Human Kangaroo Bullfrog Shark a. What characteristics do the bullfrog and the kangaroo have in common? Human Vertebrate Paris of Limbs Kangaroo Bullfrog Shark Placenta Mammary Glands Pairs of Limbs Vertebrate

Bullfrog: Share the most characteristics b. Which organism is most closely related to the human, the bullfrog or the shark? Explain. Human Kangaroo Bullfrog: Share the most characteristics Bullfrog Shark Placenta Mammary Glands Pairs of Limbs Vertebrate

What characteristic(s) do a crocodile and a rabbit have in common? Vertebrate, bony skeleton, four limbs, and amniotic egg

Crocodile; eggs with shells Which organism is most closely related to a bird? What trait links them together? Crocodile; eggs with shells

What organism(s) have vertebrate, bony skeleton, four limbs? Amphibians, Primates, Rodents/Rabbits, Crocodiles, and Birds

Read the directions to the activity carefully. To summarize: Get a Rat, two pieces of paper, and a container of markers/colored pencils (one per table) Read the directions to the activity carefully. To summarize: The rat you see is the original rat. The rat has found itself in a new environment. It is described on the sheet. If you are not sure what something means, type it in Google and select images. Your rat has to adapt to survive in the new environment. Pick 5 adaptations or changes that your rat would develop to survive on the new island. Draw your new rat on the second sheet of paper. Remember, it has to be a version of the original one. Make sure to list and explain the adaptations you have selected.

Activity: Creating a Cladogram -You are about to build a Cladogram. The video above will really help you in your construction. -Once complete watching the video, find a partner to work on the cladogram. -Cut and past the critters on a long piece of white paper. -Make sure to include characteristics on the lines. As far as what those are, be creative. -Put both partners name on the paper and turn it into the bin. -Pick up your homework