Circulatory SYSTEM NOTES Cardiovascular system = Blood, heart and blood flow

Intro. to CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Humans have a closed circulatory system blood is confined to vessels 5 liters in 1 human = 7-8% of your weight 3 drops of blood is 1 billion RBC 600 RBC = 40 platelets and 1 WBC

Blood Components 1. Plasma- liquid contains: clotting factors hormones Antibodies Gases, Waste, nutrients

Blood Components 2. Erythrocytes- AKA red blood cell carry hemoglobin, no nucleus, 120 day life, cannot repair themselves, Erythropoiesis

3. Leukocytes- white blood Cells Formed in Bone marrow, fight infection 5 types Neutrophil - 58%; main defense, phagocytosis Lymphocyte- 30%; B and T cells, immunity, recognition Eosinophil- 2%; parasite/allergies Granulocyte- digestive enzyme

3. Leukocytes- WBC Basophil- 1%, allergies??? Unknown 5 types (continued) Basophil- 1%, allergies??? Unknown Granulocyte Monocyte- 4% creepers go and live in tissues and come out when needed

CLOT it up! 4. Thrombocytes- platelets clot blood by sticking together and secreting protein called fibrin super small

Blood composition

Blood percentages on planet (approx.) A+ 32% A- 6% = 38% B+ 9% B- 1% = 11% AB+ 3% AB- .7% = 4% Transfusions Type O Universal donor Type AB Universal Recipient

Rh factor Rhesus monkey Either You have the protein (+) or not (-)

Cardiovascular SYSTEM Anatomy & Physiology

Cardiovascular Basics Heart pumps 7,000 L of blood/day Contracts 2.5 billion times in lifetime 3 major elements: heart, blood vessels, blood

FUNCTION Generating blood pressure Routing blood (systemic vs. pulmonary) Ensuring one way blood flow heart valves Regulate blood supply metabolic needs met Assist immune system

Systemic Circuit- pathway between right and left sides of the heart Pulmonary Circuit- blood flow between right side of the heart to lungs and left side of heart “LungS lap” Systemic Circuit- pathway between right and left sides of the heart “body Lap”

THE HEART Cardiac muscle with interconnecting cells 4 chambers: (Intercalated discs) 4 chambers: 2 atria (left and right) Auricles (look like ears/flaps) 2 ventricles (left and right)

THE HEART Major veins Major arteries superior vena cava and pulmonary veins Major arteries aorta and pulmonary trunk

Pathway of blood Superior or inferior vena cava Right atrium Tricuspid valve Right ventricle Pulmonary semilunar valve Lung Pulmonary vein Bicuspid valve Left ventricle Aortic semilunar valve Aorta Body

Epicardium- serous membrane, outer surface Heart wall Epicardium- serous membrane, outer surface Myocardium- middle layer, responsible for contraction Endocardium- inner surface of heart chambers

Blood vessels

Blood Vessels network of tubes Arteries → arterioles move away from heart, elastic fibers smooth circular muscles Veins → venules moves toward the heart skeletal muscle contracts to force blood back from legs 1 way valves when they break → varicose veins form

Capillaries- where gas exchange takes place Tiny, tiny vessels Capillaries- where gas exchange takes place 1 cell thick serves respiratory system Arterioles- microscopic arteries

blood moves from high to low pressure Cardiac blood cycle blood moves from high to low pressure Contraction- systole, produce pressure Relaxation- diastole Blood pressure 120/80 120-systolic 80-diastolic

Cardiac blood cycle Vasodilation- systole, smooth muscle relax creating wide blood vessels, lower pressure, eliminate excess heat, enhance clotting factors, increase oxygen delivery Vasoconstriction- diastole, smooth muscle contracts creating narrow blood vessels, retain heat, reduce blood loss, increase blood pressure, epinephrine and caffeine

Heart sounds 1st lub (AV valve close, beginning of systole) 2nd dub (aortic/pulmonary semilunar valves close---diastolic beginning, lasts longer) 3rd (occasional)- caused by turbulent blood flow into ventricles

Heartbeat Tachycardia- faster than normal heart rate Bradycardia- slower than normal HR Arrhythmia- irregular heart beat

Heart Homeostasis Baroreceptors- monitor blood pressure Chemoreceptors- monitor pH, oxygen and carbon dioxide

EKG/ECG check electrical activity of heart help diagnosing: Unexplained chest pain, heart disease, check medications, pacemakers, high blood pressure Lay down, electrodes attach to you, takes about 5-10 minutes Normal heart beat = 60-100 beats per minute Abnormal = lower than 60 or higher than 100

Effects of Exercise on Heart Strengthening! Relax, Reduce stress

Enlarged Heart (cardiomegaly) leads to congestive heart failure, cannot pump blood normally, walls become thin and stretch causes: viral, kidney disease, drug abuse, genetic, HIV Blood doping- increase RBC, increase concentration of oxygen

Cholesterol Good- HDL Bad- LDL Can remove LDL by carrying it to liver where it can be broken down and removed Plaque, hardening, clogging can lead to atherosclerosis and heart attack and stroke