Venous and Lymphatic Drainage of lower limb

Superficial veins Small saphenous vein

Deep veins of the lower limb Femoral vein External iliac vein Internal iliac vein Common iliac vein Inferior vena cava It accompanies deep artery and has the same name with accompanying artery, receiving venous blood from the same region where artery supplies.

Varicose veins In the healthy vein, valves allow blood to flow toward the heart, preventing the reflex of blood. Gravity Valves in varicose veins are incompetent, causing blood flow inferiorly.

Lymph Drainage of the lower limb 1 Superficial lymph vessels and nodes superficial popliteal nodes superficial inguinal nodes It receives lymph from entire superficial structures of the lower limb

Deep inguinal node receives lymph from all the entire lower limb. Deep popliteal nodes Deep inguinal nodes Deep inguinal node receives lymph from all the entire lower limb.

Lymph from deep inguinal node drains into the external iliac nodes.

Joints of lower limb

Hip joint Articular surface the head of the femur, acetabulum of the hip bone Ball-and socket type Structures transverse acetabular ligament 1 transverse acetabular ligament a fibrous band that bridges the acetabular notch

3 Acetabular labrum, a rim of fibrocartilage Deepens the acetabulum and increases stability of the hip joint. 4 The ligament of head of femur Extends acetabular fossa to fovea of femoral head. It contains a small artery to the head. Acetabular labrum Head of femur The joint capsule has been opened The ligament of femur The ligament of head of femur transverse acetabular ligament Transverse acetabular ligament

Pubofemoral lig Iliofemoral lig Ischiofemoral lig 5 Capusle and Capular Ligaments Capsule is thick and strong except on the underside/ fibrous capsule is thickening to form the capular ligament. Iliofemoral ligament strong, An inverted Y-shaped. Preventing overextension of the hip joint. Lig of the head of femur

dislocation Movements : Flexion-extension, abduction-adduction Medial-lateral rotation dislocation Dislocation may occur during an automobile accident

Knee joint Articular surfce two condyles of tibia and femur, Patellar Incongruent

(1) fibular collateral ligament(FCL), Ligaments: (1) fibular collateral ligament(FCL), A rounded cord. Separated from the lateral meniscus and capsule (2) tibial collateral ligament(TCL), A broad band, a part of joint capsule is firmly attached to the medial meniscus Becoming tight on extension and less tight on flexion FCL TCL

Is covered by synovial membrane, outside the synovial cavity Anterior cruciate ligament posterior cruciate ligament medial condyle Lateral condyle Intercondylar area Is covered by synovial membrane, outside the synovial cavity (2) Cruciate ligaments join the femur and tibia within the joint capsule. Anterior cruciate ligament Preventing posterior displacement of the femur on the tibia.

posterior cruciate ligament Anterior cruciate lig posterior cruciate ligament Intercondylar area posterior cruciate ligament Preventing anterior displacement of the femur on the tibia, preventing hyperflexion.

(3) Menisci of the knee Flexible Fibrocartilage Intercondylar area Outer edge is thick and inner edge is thin medial meniscus Medial meniscus is C-shaped Firmly attached to the deep surface of the tibial collateral ligament. Lateral meniscus Lateral meniscus is nearly circular and is more freely mobile. Separated from the fibular collateral ligament. Action: deepens the articular surface of tibia acts as cushion(absorb shock).

(4) Articular capsule Fibrous capsule a thin and weak. It attaches to margins of articular surface. A few thickened parts make up ligament Patellar ligament Patellar ligament is an continuation of the quadriceps tendon.

lines all inner surface of the fibrous capsule and cruciate ligament Synovial capsule lines all inner surface of the fibrous capsule and cruciate ligament Bursae, sac of synovial membrane Suprapatellar bursa, lying deep to quadriceps tendon Infrapatellar bursa, lying deep to patellar ligament, contains fat

Tibiofibular joints Proximal tibiofibular joint，synovial joint Interosseous membrane,strong and flexible Distal tibiofibular joint, fibrous joint The joints permit no movement between tibia and fibula