Just WHAT is the Nature of Science?

SCIENCE IS MESSY Science is…….. Tentative Empirically-based (what?!) Subjective (theory laden) Partially based on human inference, imagination, and creativity (why?) Socially and culturally embedded (how so?) EMPIRICAL: based on, concerned with, or verifiable by observation or experience rather than theory or pure logic

Science demonstrates: The distinction between observation and inference The relationship between laws and theories Let’s talk about the scientific method……. Here are a few quotes (from the physicist Stephen Hawking) to highlight the importance of theories, data, and the tentativeness of science:

“…a theory is just a model of the universe, or a restricted part of it, and a set of rules that relate quantities in the model to observations that we make. It exists only in our minds and does not have any other reality. A theory is a good theory if it satisfies two requirements. It must accurately describe a large class of observations on the basis of a model that contains only a few arbitrary elements, and it must make definite predictions about the results of future observations.”

“Any physical theory is always provisional, in the sense that it is only a hypothesis: you can never prove it. No matter how many times the results of the experiments agree with some theory, you can never be sure that the next time the result will not contradict the theory. On the other hand, you can disprove a theory by finding even a single observation that disagrees with the predictions of the theory.”

“A good theory is characterized by the fact that it makes a number of predictions that could in principle be disproved or falsified by observation. Each time new experiments are observed to agree with the predictions the theory survives, and our confidence in it is increased; but if ever a new observation is found to disagree, we have to abandon or modify the theory. At least that is what is supposed to happen, but you can always question the competence of the person who carried out the observation…..” “In practice, what often happens is that a new theory is devised that is really an extension of the previous theory.” ……….From Stephen Hawking’s A Brief History of Time

HOW does this relate to ES? Edwin Hubble Discovered the universe is expanding, and proved that the universe is made up of MANY galaxies through a plethora of DATA Alfred Wegner and Harry Hess Theories of continental drift and seafloor spreading BUILT ON EACH OTHER to create the theory of Plate Tectonics Meteorology / Forecasting – use of models, continual collection of data, mathematical models to develop scientific theories Make sure to address that we will be continually discussing the nature of science throughout the year and how it applies to the content. Particularly of importance is the use of data and evidence to create and support theories, in addition to the tentativeness of science Uniformitarianism can be interpreted to mean that the processes that we can see occurring on the Earth today have been similar throughout the Earth’s history; however, the physical condition of the Earth has undergone, and continues to undergo, significant change as a result of these processes. Erosion, volcanism, glaciation, and the effects of oceans are a few examples of physical processes that have been ongoing throughout the history of the Earth; although the Earth’s landscape may not have looked as it does today 5 million years ago, and the chemical composition of the atmosphere may have differed from what we have today, the same physical processes were occurring to shape, create, and form the landscape.

Here’s a scientific principle that we’ll be referring to throughout the year….. A fundamental, governing principle of geology, or the principle of uniformitarianism, describes the relationship between time and change: Uniformitarianism states that the “present is the key to the past”, or that past geologic events can be explained by the forces we see at work in our world today. Uniformitarianism can be interpreted to mean that the processes that we can see occurring on the Earth today have been similar throughout the Earth’s history; however, the physical condition of the Earth has undergone, and continues to undergo, significant change as a result of these processes. Erosion, volcanism, glaciation, and the effects of oceans are a few examples of physical processes that have been ongoing throughout the history of the Earth; although the Earth’s landscape may not have looked as it does today 5 million years ago, and the chemical composition of the atmosphere may have differed from what we have today, the same physical processes were occurring to shape, create, and form the landscape.