RAP The Crusades were holy wars between Christians and Muslims over control of the holy lands…what is something you deem worthy of fighting for & why?

The Crusades 1071-1291 RAP: The Crusades were holy wars between Christians and Muslims over control of the holy lands…what is something you deem worthy of fighting for & why? Why would a person join a crusade? Adventure (to see unknown parts of the world) To possibly gain fame and fortune (crusaders often looted towns and manors) To fight for their religious beliefs

Ottoman Threat Causes: •To ensure safety of pilgrims •To save Byzantium from threat of Turks •To get squabbling lords to focus aggression outward •Idea of actually freeing the Holy Land seems to be an afterthought

Causes for Crusades To ensure safety of pilgrims •To save Byzantium from threat of Turks •To get squabbling lords to focus aggression outward •Idea of actually freeing the Holy Land seems to be an afterthought.

Pilgrimage Squabbling Lords

The Holy Lands

—Emperor Alexius Comnenus “Come then, with all your people and give battle with all your strength, so that all this treasure shall not fall into the hands of the Turks…Therefore act while there is still time lest the kingdom of the Christians shall vanish from your sight and, what is more important, the Holy Sepulcher (the tomb where Jesus was buried) shall vanish. And in your coming you will find your reward in heaven, and if you do not come, God will condemn you. —Emperor Alexius Comnenus

Key Events of the Crusades The Crusades were carried out by Christian political and religious leaders to take control of the Holy Land from the Muslims. Key Events of the Crusades Pope Urban II’s speech (pg. 386) The capture of Jerusalem Founding of Crusader states Loss of Jerusalem to Saladin (pg. 383) Sack of Constantinople by western Crusaders

Key Events Alexius Comnenus I (Byzantine Emperor) appealed to Pope Urban II for military aid Pope Urban’s Speech to mob of peasants “Dieu le voit!” – God wills it! First Crusade 1097-1099 Crusader states = Jerusalem, Antioch, Edessa, Tripoli In 1093 Alexius Comnenus I sent an appeal to Robert, Count of Flanders Three armies of knights and people of all classes gathered outside of Constantinople by 1097 (mostly French but many others as well) unorganized, ill prepared, argumentative….an army of 12,000 approached Jerusalem in 1099 and besieged the city for over a month…finally won the city…the strip of land they took over was split into 4 crusader states each controlled by a European noble Muslim counterattack and land is lost including Jerusalem Third Crusade is b/t Richard and Saladin (Phillip II of France argued w/ Richard and went home…Frederick Barbarossa drowned on the journey)…both were brilliant warriors…the two agreed to a truce in 1192…Muslims controlled the city but unarmed Christian pilgrims could enter the city 4th Crusade: the “crusading spirit” is dwindling…crusaders don’t even make it to the Holy Lands…rather they loot Constantinople…(religious fervor faded as the desire for personal gain grew)

Key Events Third Crusade Post-2nd Crusade 1147-1148 Jerusalem captured by Muslims Loss of Jerusalem to Saladin (Muslim leader) 1188 Third Crusade http://www.history.com/videos/richard-the-lionheart#saladin http://www.history.com/videos/richard-the-lionheart#birth-of-the-assassins In 1093 Alexius Comnenus I sent an appeal to Robert, Count of Flanders Three armies of knights and people of all classes gathered outside of Constantinople by 1097 (mostly French but many others as well) unorganized, ill prepared, argumentative….an army of 12,000 approached Jerusalem in 1099 and besieged the city for over a month…finally won the city…the strip of land they took over was split into 4 crusader states each controlled by a European noble Muslim counterattack and land is lost including Jerusalem Third Crusade is b/t Richard and Saladin (Phillip II of France argued w/ Richard and went home…Frederick Barbarossa drowned on the journey)…both were brilliant warriors…the two agreed to a truce in 1192…Muslims controlled the city but unarmed Christian pilgrims could enter the city 4th Crusade: the “crusading spirit” is dwindling…crusaders don’t even make it to the Holy Lands…rather they loot Constantinople…(religious fervor faded as the desire for personal gain grew)

Key Events Sack of Constantinople by western Crusaders 4th Crusade Sack of Constantinople by western Crusaders The Great Schism The Church splits over excommunication http://www.history.com/videos/richard-the-lionheart#saladin http://www.history.com/videos/richard-the-lionheart#birth-of-the-assassins In 1093 Alexius Comnenus I sent an appeal to Robert, Count of Flanders Three armies of knights and people of all classes gathered outside of Constantinople by 1097 (mostly French but many others as well) unorganized, ill prepared, argumentative….an army of 12,000 approached Jerusalem in 1099 and besieged the city for over a month…finally won the city…the strip of land they took over was split into 4 crusader states each controlled by a European noble Muslim counterattack and land is lost including Jerusalem Third Crusade is b/t Richard and Saladin (Phillip II of France argued w/ Richard and went home…Frederick Barbarossa drowned on the journey)…both were brilliant warriors…the two agreed to a truce in 1192…Muslims controlled the city but unarmed Christian pilgrims could enter the city 4th Crusade: the “crusading spirit” is dwindling…crusaders don’t even make it to the Holy Lands…rather they loot Constantinople…(religious fervor faded as the desire for personal gain grew)

Define Crusades Who fought in the Crusades? Which pope called for the First Crusade? Which Muslim leader (sultan) recaptured Jerusalem between the Second and Third Crusades? Which English king fought in the Third Crusade? Which city was attacked during the Fourth Crusade?

Effects of The Crusades Weakened the power and influence of the Pope and nobles Strengthened the power of the monarchs WHY?

Stimulated trade throughout the Med. & Middle East Food products rice, coffee, dates, apricots, lemons, sugar, spices such as ginger, melons, rhubarb, etc. Household goods mirrors, carpets, cotton cloth for clothing, ships, compasses, writing paper, wheelbarrows, mattresses, shawls, etc. New ideas chess, Arabic figures 0 to 9, pain killing drugs, algebra, irrigation, chemistry, the color scarlet, water wheels, water clocks, etc.

Effects of The Crusades Left a legacy of bitterness among Christians, Jews, and Muslims Weakened the Byzantine Empire

Ottoman Turks conquered the Byzantine Empire. Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453, ending the Byzantine Empire. Became the capital of the Ottoman Empire

Economic Effects of the Crusades The Crusades stimulated trade by introducing Europeans to many desirable products. Trade promoted frequent contacts with the Byzantine and Muslim Empires. New economic institutions developed. Churches word reigns…start to break away from Church…start charging interest on money (beginning of banks)…becomes secular. What are examples of letters of credit in our society? Credit cards, cash advance places, etc. Those days they killed you if they didn’t pay you back. (banking families)

Economic Effects of the Crusades Increased the demand for Middle Eastern products Stimulated production of goods for trade in Middle Eastern markets (perfumes, oils, minerals, jewels, etc.) Encouraged the use of credit and banking The Church rule against usury and the banks’ practice of charging interest helped to secularize northern Italy. Letters of credit served to expand the supply of money and expedite trade New accounting and bookkeeping practices (use of Arabic numerals) were introduced. Churches word reigns…start to break away from Church…start charging interest on money (beginning of banks)…becomes secular. What are examples of letters of credit in our society? Credit cards, cash advance places, etc. Those days they killed you if they didn’t pay you back. (banking families) 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2

REVIEW QUESTIONS What was the major cause of the Crusades? the conflict between the Muslim Moors and King John the capture of Jerusalem by the Muslims the invasion of Russia by the Mongols the capture of Mecca by the Christians 2. All of the following are key events of the Crusades EXCEPT: the capture of Jerusalem the capture of Mecca the sack of Constantinople by western Crusaders the founding of Crusader States

REVIEW QUESTIONS 3. Which was a result of the Crusades? increased desire for eastern goods strengthened the Pope increased cooperation between Muslims and Christians weakened European monarchs 4. Which group of people invaded Russia, China, and Muslim states in southwest Asia? Mongols Huns Magyars Vikings

Education was largely confined to the clergy during the Middle Ages Education was largely confined to the clergy during the Middle Ages. The masses were uneducated, while the nobility was concerned with feudal obligations. Church scholars preserved ancient literature in monasteries in the East and West. Church Scholars Were among the very few who could read and write Worked in monasteries Translated Greek and Arabic works into Latin Made new knowledge in philosophy, medicine, and science available in Europe Laid the foundation for the rise of universities in Europe Who sits around and has the time to rewrite everything from greek & arabic to latin? Monks!!! Our schools are based off of the universities of England in the 1800’s. Girls didn’t go Compare to other cultures today; Japan, etc.; how appreciative and respectful some children are

“Khanate of the Golden Horde” Mongol armies invaded Russia, Southwest Asia, and China thus creating an empire and destroying cities and countryside. 1200s Mongols invaded Russia in the middle of the 1200s…they were a ferocious group of horsemen from central Asia They come on the scene at the beginning of the 1200s under the leadership of Genghis Khan, one of the most feared warriors of all time May have begun to move west due to military or economic pressures (lured by wealth of cities in the West) Regardless of why, they moved rode their swift horses across the steppes of Asia and into Europe…savage killers…burned down anything in their path…had a reputation for brutality At its fullest extent their empire stretched from the Yellow Sea to the Baltic Sea and from the Himalayas to northern Russia 1240…the Mongols attacked & destroyed Kiev (killed so many people that the devastation was still visible…in the form of dead bones still laying about…5 years later)…Mongols ruled southern Russia for 200 years…officially called the “Khanate of the Golden Horde” Empire called the “Khanate of the Golden Horde”

The Black Death: 1347 – 1665 In the 14th century, the Black Death (Bubonic plague) decimated the population of much of Asia and then the population of much of Europe. Impact of Black Death Population declined (1/3 of Europe or 25-30 Million People) Resulted in scarcity of labor Towns were freed from feudal obligations Church influence declined Trade was disrupted Lord/vassals can’t protect people from the Black Death. Relied on Church; Church had power; can’t save them either Stealing, etc. disrupts trade

Bloodletting The Plague Doctor Vinegar Amulets Herbs Drink molten gold Dressed like scarecrows; filled beak w/ Bergamot oil (like Vics Sav); couldn’t breath in Physicians wore it at their waist; filled with dried toads, blood, and other herbs Vinegar; people drank it, washed themselves with it; sprinkled on victims Herbs; used licorice, rose, lavender, bay leaves, mint (tea) Herbs Drink molten gold