The federal minimum wage is $7. 25 an hour The federal minimum wage is $7.25 an hour. Assuming full-time, year-round employment, how much would a parent have to earn to rent a modest, two-bedroom apartment at a fair market rent without spending more than 30% of their income on housing (the conventional standard for affordable housing)? $7.25/hour or $15,080/year $10.78/hour or $22.422/year $15.22/hour or $31,657/year $18.44/hour or $38,360/year

More than 40 million people received food stamp or SNAP benefits in 2009. what was the average daily benefit per household in 2009? $30 $21 $15 $9

How many children live in households struggling with hunger?

2012 Poverty Guidelines for the 48 Contiguous States and the District of Columbia Persons in Household Poverty Guideline 1 $11,170 2 $15,130 3 $19,090 4 $23,050 5 $27,010 6 $30,970 7 $34,930 8 $38,890 For families/households with more than 8 persons, add $3,960 for each additional person.

Social Inequalities Income and Race

Dimensions of Stratification Social class – segment of society whose members hold similar amounts of resources and share values, norms, and an identifiable lifestyle Income – amount of money received over a specific time period Wealth – total economic resources held

Power and Prestige Power – ability to control others, even against their will Prestige – recognition, respect and admiration attached to social positions

Prestige Rankings of Selected Jobs Occupation Score Physician 86 Registered nurse 66 Police officer 60 Lawyer 75 High school teacher Actor/director 58 College prof 74 Accountant 65 Librarian 54 Architect 73 Athlete Firefighter 53 Airline pilot Elem school teacher 64 Social worker 52 Dentist 72 Banker 63 Dental hygienist Psychologist 69 Veterinarian 62 Electrician 51 Clergy Legislator 61 Pharmacist 68 Pilot

Prestige Rankings of Selected Jobs Occupation Score Funeral director 49 Receptionist 39 Garbage collector 28 Farm manager 48 Carpenter Waiter/ress Mail carrier 47 Barber 36 Bartender 25 Secretary 46 Child care worker Bill collector 24 Insurance agent 45 Hotel clerk 32 Farm worker 23 Bank teller 43 Bus driver Janitor 22 Nurse’s aide 42 Auto body repair 31 Maid 20 Farmer 40 Truck driver 30 Newspaper vendor 19 Correctional officer Salesworker (shoes) Car washer

Social Class in America American social classes Upper class = 1% of population Middle class = 40-50% of population Usually work in white collar jobs – educated or skilled labor Working class = 30% of population Work in blue collar jobs – involve manual labor Working poor = 13% Underclass = 12% Underclass – people typically unemployed who come from families that have been poor for generations

Hidden unemployment – unemployment that includes people not counted in the traditional unemployment categories Someone who has stopped looking for a job Underemployed - employed only part-time when one needs full-time employment or not making full use of skills

Poverty in America Absolute poverty – absence of enough money to secure life’s necessities Relative poverty – measure of poverty based on the economic disparity between those at the bottom of society and the rest of society Feminization of poverty – trend in US society in which women and children make up an increasing proportion of the poor

Social Mobility Social mobility – movement of people between social classes Types of social mobility Horizontal mobility – change in occupation w/in the same social class Restaurant waiter becomes a taxi driver Vertical mobility – change upward or downward in occupational status or social class Auto worker becomes a manager Intergenerational mobility – change in status or class from one generation to the next Daughter of a hairdresser becomes a college professor

Caste system – stratification structure that doesn’t allow for social mobility Open-class system – social class is based on merit and individual effort

Proportional tax: percentage of income paid in taxes is the same for all income levels Ex: everyone pays 10% Progressive tax: percentage of income paid increases as income increases Ex: $50,000 income pays 15%, $500,000 pays 25% Regressive tax: percentage of income paid in taxes decreases as income increases Ex: sales tax takes a higher percentage of lower income person’s $

Minority, Race and Ethnicity Minority – group of people w/physical or cultural traits different from those of the dominant group in the society Have distinct physical/cultural characteristics Dominated by the majority Majority views minority traits to be inferior Majority decides who belongs to the minority

Race – people sharing certain inherited physical characteristics that are considered important w/in a society Ethnic minority – group identified by cultural, religious, or national characteristics

Black, African American or Negro American Indian or Alaskan Native US RACE CATEGORIES: 1790 - 2010 Year Race Categories 1790 Free white males Free white females All other free persons Slaves 1990 White Black or Negro American Indian Eskimo Asian or Pacific Islander, Chinese, Filipino, Hawaiian, Korean, Vietnamese, Japanese, Asian Indian, Samoan, Guamanian, other Asian or Pacific Islander Other race 1890 Black Mulatto Chinese Indian 2010 Black, African American or Negro American Indian or Alaskan Native Asian: Asian Indian, Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, Other Asian 1940 Negro Chinese, Japanese, Filipino, Hindu, Korean Other

Racial and Ethnic Relations Assimilation – blending of minority groups into the dominant society Anglo-conformity – maintains traditional American institutions Least egalitarian Melting pot – ethnic and racial groups voluntarily blend together Cultural pluralism – desire of a group to keep some sense of identity separate from the dominant group Accommodation – minority keeps its own way of life

Patterns of conflict Genocide – systematic effort to destroy an entire population Subjugation – process by which a minority group is denied equal access to the benefits of society De jure segregation – denial of equal access based on the law School segregation De facto segregation – denial of equal access based on everyday practice Neighborhoods not selling homes to a certain race

Theories of Prejudice and Discrimination Prejudice – widely held negative attitudes toward a group and its individual members Racism – extreme form of prejudice that assumes superiority of one group over others Discrimination – treating people differently based on ethnicity, race, religion or culture Hate crime – criminal act motivated by prejudice Stereotype – distorted, exaggerated or oversimplified image applied to a category of people

Institutionalized discrimination – unfair practices that grow out of common behaviors and attitudes and are a part of the structure of society Discrimination is an accepted part of society Racial segregation after the Civil War

Flynn 40 44 57 Lakeshore 50 64 Locust Lane 48 59 Longfellow 69 77 82 Percentage of students qualifying for free/reduced-price meals in ECASD School Jan ’04 Sept ’08 Sept ’11 Flynn 40 44 57 Lakeshore 50 64 Locust Lane 48 59 Longfellow 69 77 82 Manz 28 31 Meadowview 16 24 33 Northwoods 37 Putnam Heights 27 35 Robbins 12 20 Roosevelt 36 46 Sam Davey 41 Sherman 42 45 Montesorri 9 18

Percentage qualifying for free/reduced-price meals –cont- School Jan ’04 Sept ’08 Sept ’11 Delong 40 39 47 Northstar 30 32 43 South 19 24 Memorial 13 20 North 29