Chapter 18 “The Civil Rights Movement” 1954-1975

Ch. 18.1 Notes “Fighting Segregation” Ch. 18.1 Warm-up Describe three reform programs that were part of Johnson’s Great Society

A. The Movement Prior to 1954 1896 – Plessy v. Ferguson 1940’s: a decade of progress A. Phillip Randolph – WWII CORE - Congress of Racial Equality Desegregation of armed forces Jackie Robinson – first in MLB Seeking change in the courts NAACP attacks racism in courts Thurgood Marshall leads the way Early victories chip away

B. Brown v. Board The Supreme Court hears Brown Focus on elementary/high schools The doll experiment Thurgood Marshall and NAACP Ended legal segregation The Little Rock Crisis Opposition from the states Central High School, AK Little Rock Nine face protests Eisenhower uses federal troops

C. A Boycott Begins in Montgomery The Montgomery bus boycott Rosa Parks refuses to give up seat NAACP calls for boycott Martin Luther King Jr. takes lead Supreme Court rules segregated buses unconstitutional Birth of the SCLC Southern Christian Leadership Conference led by Martin Luther King Jr. committed to nonviolence

Describe three early events in the Civil Rights Movement Ch. 18.2 Notes "Freedom Now!” 18.2 Warm-up Describe three early events in the Civil Rights Movement

A. Sit-Ins and Freedom Rides The strategy of non-violence Gandhi’s influence James Farmer and King The sit-in movement Greensboro lunch counter SNCC - Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee The Freedom Rides CORE sends out Freedom Riders Target - segregated bus stations Met with violence - firebombs Attorney General Robert Kennedy sends federal marshals

B. Integrating Higher Education NAACP tries to integrate universities 1961 - Univ. of Georgia ordered to admit two black students 1962 - Univ. of Mississippi James Meredith riot breaks out 500 federal marshals sent 1963 – Univ. of Alabama Gov. George Wallace blocks entrance Steps aside after speech

C. Albany and Birmingham The Albany Movement SNCC protests bus stations King and protesters jailed Divisions in the movement The Birmingham campaign King organizes sit-ins and marches “Letter from a Birmingham Jail” King organizes “children’s march” Police use fire hoses and dogs

D. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 JFK’s desegregation vision Assassination of Medgar Evers Shocks many – KKK member tried The March on Washington 1963 – largest demonstration ever King’s “I Have a Dream” speech Civil Rights Act of 1964banned discrimination in employment and public accommodations

Ch. 18.3 Notes "Voting Rights” Ch. 18.3 Warm-up Describe 3 tactics used by both civil rights supporters and opponents during the southern protests of the 1960’s

A. Gaining Voting Rights Registering Voters VEP – Voter Education Project The 24th Amendment Voting taxes banned Freedom Summer College students register African Americans to vote Crisis in Mississippi 3 volunteers murdered Some volunteers leave

B. Political Organizing leaders support President Johnson in 1964 election SNCC organizes Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party 68 delegates Democratic National Convention MFDP leader Fannie Lou Hamer compromises NAACP/SCLC support compromise - SNCC and the MFDP did not

C. The Voting Rights Act SCLC organized marches in Selma, Alabama Televised arrests and beatings King announces Selma to Montgomery march police attack marchers with tear gas, clubs, etc. Federal troops protect marchers Voting Rights Act of 1965 removes barriers to voting

Ch. 18.4 Notes "Changes and Challenges” Ch. 18.4 Warm-up Describe 3 ways in which African Americans gained political and voting rights in the South

A. Expanding the Movement de jure segregation de facto segregation segregation in housing violence in cities The Kerner Commission Causes: poverty and discrimination

B. Fractures in the Movement SNCC and CORE began to reject nonviolence Stokely Carmichael Black Power Black Panther Party Malcolm X and the Nation of Islam From radical to non-violent killed by Black Muslims

C. The Assassination of King 1968 – King’s march in Memphis Sanitation workers’ strike King killed by a white sniper – James Earl Ray Angry riots erupted in 120 cities Troops called in to restore peace

Ch. 18.5 Notes "The Movement Continues” Ch. 18.5 Warm-up Describe the difference in approach to civil rights between these three individuals/organizations: King, Malcolm X, and the Black Panthers

A. A Change in Goals The Poor People’s Campaign King - poverty biggest obstacle to equality Ralph Abernathy takes over SCLC Without King - campaign failed

B. The Decline of Black Power FBI director J. Edgar Hoover Believed civil rights groups led by Communists FBI spreads false rumors about violence and Black Panthers Police raided Panther headquarters Many leaders died or imprisoned FBI also helped dismantle SNCC

C. New Changes and Gains Civil Rights Act of 1968 - also called the Fair Housing Act Courts ordered school busing Whites left cities for suburbs Affirmative action programs Thurgood Marshall became Supreme Court’s first African American justice. John Lewis elected to Congress Andrew Young served as U.S. ambassador to the UN. Jesse Jackson founded Operation PUSH and ran for president