Liberty v. Order Learn about Alexander Hamilton's program for dealing with national and state debts Find out how foreign policy issues divided Americans See what issues led to the emergence of political parties

Alexander Hamilton Secretary Of Treasury Supporter of a STRONG central government Economic brain of Washington’s cabinet Plans to pay off nation’s debt

Hamilton’s Plan Central gov’t. will pay off state debts South balks at idea Assumption Bill solves problem Capital will be located between two southern states, 1 big & 1 small

The National Bank Provide a safe place for tax revenues Loan money to people & states Provide uniform currency Allow for easy transfer of money

Hamilton’s opponents Led by Thomas Jefferson People who dislike taxes Fear of government by the few Different Constitutional viewpoints

Who will be next? Alexander Hamilton? Thomas Jefferson? John Adams?

The Election of 1796 Adams runs as a Federalist, Jefferson as a Democratic-Republican or Jeffersonian-Republican

What does this map tell us about America in 1796?                                                           

The XYZ Affair

French felt we were siding with England Foreign Problems French felt we were siding with England Anger over Jay’s Treaty Ignoring Franco-American Alliance, 1778 Seized over 300 ships by 1797 Threatened our ambassador

What would you do as President? Adams sends John Marshall to France XYZ Affair? Envoys asked for $250,000 as bribe for permission to negotiate or talk to Talleyrand We refuse – even though was common practice “Millions for defense – not one cent for tribute” What should Adams do to protect our pride?

Should we go to War ? US and France fight undeclared naval war, Navy strengthened, Marines reestablished Adams sends second envoy to meet Napoleon Negotiate - Convention of 1800 Break-up Franco-American Alliance, 1778 US to pay our own shippers for lost ships High water mark for Adams Federalists begin to worry about foreign influences

Federalists v. Democratic-Republicans, Round One Federalist majority in Congress Pass legislation to weaken Dem-Reps. Pass anti-immigration measures, most newcomers joined the D-R Party

Alien and Sedition Acts Alien Act Citizenship from 5 to 14 years Can expel aliens in peacetime President - jail aliens Sedition Act Fines and jail penalties to anyone speaking or writing “with intent to defame… or bring into contempt or disrepute the President or other members of the government”, only Republicans will be sentenced Can this be done? Why or why not?

Republican response Federalist actions were attacks on First Amendment freedoms Jefferson & James Madison write the Kentucky & Virginia Resolutions Promote a “states rights” theory of government

Federalists Response? Constitution was an agreement between the people and not the states Were they right? Only Federal courts could determine the actions of the other two branches What was the impact for the nation? Effect of Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions?

The Revolution of 1800 Map of the Presidential Election of 1800. Jefferson v. Adams A bloodless change of leadership Jefferson wins after election goes to House of Representatives

The 12th Amendment Ratified in 1804 Prevents ties in presidential elections Separate ballots are cast for president & vice-president Future ties will be prevented

Jefferson takes office http://www.bartleby.com/124/pres16.html Federalist power has come to an end

The Presidency of Thomas Jefferson Stronger Smaller Government

12th Amendment The Presidency of Thomas Jefferson Louisiana Purchase Kept National Bank Reduced taxes Louisiana Purchase Reduced size Of army The Presidency of Thomas Jefferson Stronger Government Smaller Government Marbury v. Madison Judicial Review Lewis & Clark Cuts Government jobs Hamilton v Burr Duel Embargo of 1807

The Midnight Judges Attempt by Pres. Adams to maintain Federalist power Increases number of federal judges to 16 John Marshall most important of Adams’ appointments

John Marshall Chief Justice from 1801 – 1835 Thomas Jefferson’s cousin Increases power of the Supreme Court Establishes principle of Judicial Review

Judicial Review Power of court to determine constitutionality of laws May set aside laws that they deem unconstitutional (Marbury v. Madison) Power to reverse state court decisions

Marbury v. Madison Marbury was a midnight appt. Jefferson fails to deliver the appt. Marbury sues Sec. Of State James Madison Supreme Court rules against him & overturns part of Judiciary Act of 1789 Marshall established JUDICIAL REVIEW with this ruling