Intelligence and Intelligence Testing https://geniustests.com/ Psychology I Mrs. Hart

Intelligence Intelligence is the ability to acquire new ideas and new behavior and to adapt to new situations. Psychologists have presented different views of intelligence: ● Two Factor Theory ● Thurstone’s Theory ● Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligence ● Sternberg’s Theory

Two Factor Theory Spearman (1904) - two factors contribute to a person’s intelligence; the ability to perform complex mental work such as problem solving (general intelligence - g) and specific mental abilities (s) such as verbal or math skills.

Thurstone’s Theory of Intelligence L.L.Thurstone (1938) proposed that intelligence is composed of seven primary mental abilities. He believed that a person’s intelligence needed to be a measure of all seven, not just a measurement of one factor. Verbal comprehension Numerical ability Spatial relations Perpetual speed Word fluency Memory Inductive reasoning

Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences Gardner proposed that there are eight different types of intelligence; linguistic, logical, spatial, musical, body-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalist.

Sternberg’s Theory of Intelligence Robert Sternberg (1985) proposed a triarchic theory, or three part theory of intelligence. He believed that a person’s intelligence involves analytical, creative, and practical thinking skills.

Emotional Intelligence includes interpersonal and intrapersonal abilities needed to understand and use knowledge of emotions effectively. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mvBCV3dM-IE&list=PLK933og_CyI4YE0xgi-K8OyZQCAq_qmRt

Intelligence Testing: Binet and Simon Binet and his colleague Theodore Simon began developing a number of questions that focused on things that had not been taught in school such as attention, memory, and problem solving skills. Using these questions, Binet determined which ones served as the best predictors of school success and which students might need special education services.

Binet-Simon Scale Needed to identify those who would not benefit from regular instruction. Used complex measures rather than simple sensory tasks. Developed the concept of mental age.

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale The Stanford-Binet intelligence test used a single number, known as the intelligence quotient or IQ, to represent an individual's score on the test. This score was calculated by dividing the test taker's mental age by their chronological age, and then multiplying this number by 100. I.Q. = Mental Age/Chronological x 100

Intelligence Testing: Wechsler Tests The current version of the WAIS was released in 2008 and includes ten core subtests as well as five supplemental subtests. The test provides four major scores: Verbal Comprehension Perceptual Reasoning Working Memory Processing Speed Additionally, the WAIS-IV provides two overall summary scores: Full Scale IQ General Ability Index

IQ Scores The norms for intelligence tests are established in such a way that most people score near 100. This means that about 95% of people score between 70 and 130. Only a little more than 2% of people score at or above 130. These people are in at least the 97th percentile. Those who score below 70 have traditionally been classified as mentally handicapped.

IQ: Nature v. Nurture Researchers have found a high degree of heritability – a measure of the degree to which a characteristic is related to inherited genetic factors. They found that as a genetic relationship increases, say from parent and child to identical twins, the similarity of IQ also increases. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bRKbZtpBcgI

IQ and Environmental Factors Numerous sources of evidence converge to indicate that environment has a significant impact on IQ scores. We find some of this evidence in twin studies and adoption studies. Studies of the effects of nutrition, toxic substances, home environment, early intervention, and formal schooling provide additional support for the influence of environment on IQ.