EVALUATE THERAPEUTIC VS. REPRODUCTIVE CLONING EVALUATE THERAPEUTIC VS. REPRODUCTIVE

WHAT IS A CLONE? PRECISE GENETIC COPY

WHAT IS A CLONE? The word CLONE brings to mind what images…….

WHAT IS A CLONE? Cloning occurs in nature all the time Identical Twins Single Cell bacteria-asexual reproduction “Rooting” a plant

WHAT IS A CLONE? Cloning can be confusing and cause controversy

HISTORY OF CLONING 1ST CLONED MAMMAL 1996 Dolly

WHAT IS A CLONE?

WHAT IS A CLONE? There is a difference between THERAPEUTIC CLONING AND REPRODUCTIVE CLONING

Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT) HOW DOES THE PROCESS WORK Nucleus is removed from an unfertilized egg (oocyte) Nucleus from a single somatic cell (nonreproductive cell in body) is inserted in the enucleated egg Reprogrammed genetic material produces reconstituted embryo

Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT) Step 4 can either be Reproductive cloning or Therapeutic Cloning

WHAT IS A CLONE? REPRODUCTIVE CLONING THE RECONSTITUTED EMBRYO IS PLACED INTO THE UTERUS OF A SURROGATE FEMALE FEW SCIENTIST BELIEVE HUMAN CLONING SHOULD BE PERMITTED (REPRODUCTIVE) NO EVIDENCE OF SUCCESSFUL HUMAN CLONING

WHAT IS A CLONE? THERAPEUTIC CLONING The embryo is allowed to undergo cell division until the blastocyst stage (in vitro) The blastocyst is opened and Embryonic stem cells placed in tissue culture Cells divide and make exact copies of themselves

WHAT IS A CLONE? MANY SCIENTIST ARE IN FAVOR OF THERAPEUTIC CLONING PROCEDURE USED TO PRODUCE EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS

SCNT

POTENTIAL U.S. PATIENT POPULATIONS FOR STEM CELL BASED THERAPIES NUMBER OF PATIENTS 58 million 30 million 16 million 10 million 8.2 million 5.5 million 0.3 million 0.25 million 0.15 million/year MEDICAL CONDITION Cardiovascular disease Autoimmune disease Diabetes Osteoporosis Cancer Alzheimer’s disease Parkinson’s disease Burns (severe) Spinal Cord Injuries Birth defects

REPRODUCTIVE VS. THERAPEUTIC GOAL OF REPRODUCTIVE CLONING TO CREATE NEW ORGANISM, HUMAN OR ANIMAL. GOAL OF THERAPEUTIC CLONING CREATE EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS THAT ARE GENETICALLY COMPATIBLE WITH THAT OF THE RECIPIENT

OBSTACLES TO REPRODUCTIVE CLONING SUCCESS RATE VERY LOW DEVELOP PHYSICAL PROBLEMS AT EARLIER AGE THAN NORMAL “LARGE OFFSPRING SYNDROME” 20-30% LARGER NEWBORNS DIFFICULT TO DELIVER

OBSTACLES TO Therapeutic CLONING Embryonic versus Adult Stem Cell controversy

Embryonic vs Adult STEM CELLS Embryonic or Pluripotent stem cells--potential to become many types of cells but not every type of cell

Embryonic vs Adult STEM CELLS Adult or multipotent stem cells--committed to more limited cell types with particular functions--- Bone marrow Umbilical cord blood

Human STEM CELL Research Involves the use of human embryonic tissue In 2001 President George W. Bush NO FUNDING FOR HUMAN STEM CELL RESEARCH

Human STEM CELL Research In 2009, President Barack Obama Removing Barriers to Responsible Scientific Research Involving Human Stem Cells” Stem Cell research is permitted by law.

OBSTACLES TO ADULT STEM CELLS NOT ISOLATED FOR ALL TISSUES OF BODY DIFFICULT TO ISOLATE GENETIC ERROR SOMETIMES PRESENT

Stem Cell Stories https://www.youtube.com/user/cellmedicine

Questions?

Potential Unlocking Stem Cell Potential

Ethical Issues Ethical issues with stem cells

SOMATIC CELL NUCLEAR TRANSFER (SCNT) http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/somatic-cell-nuclear-transfer-video

WHAT IS A CLONE? http://www.sciencechannel.com/tv-shows/through-the-wormhole/videos/through-the-wormhole-human-clones.htm http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cloning/whatiscloning/

REPRODUCTIVE VS. THERAPEUTIC IN REPRODUCTIVE CLONING THE RECONSTITUTED EMBRYO IS PLACED INTO THE UTERUS OF A SURROGATE FEMALE FOR HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE CLONING, A FEMALE WOULD DONATE HER EGGS TO BE ENUCLEATED. THE NUCLEI OF HER CELLS WOULD BE REMOVED. THE PERSON BEING CLONED WOULD DONATE SOMATIC CELLS (ANY NONREPRODUCTIVE CELL IN THE BODY) A SURROGATE MOTHER WOULD ACCEPT THE FERTILIZED OVA IN HOPES OF CARRYING ONE TO TERM

REPRODUCTIVE VS. THERAPEUTIC IN THERAPEUTIC CLONING, THE EMBRYO IS ALLOWED TO UNDERGO CELL DIVISION FOR SEVERAL DAYS IN THE LABORATORY UNTIL IT REACHES BLASTOCYST STAGE. A BLASTOCYST CONSISTS OF TWO LAYERS AN OUTER LAYER THAT FORMS THE PLACENTA AND OTHER TISSUES NEEDED FOR DEVELOPMENT IN THE UTERUS AND AN INNER MASS THAT FORMS ALL THE TISSUES OF THE BODY. EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS ARE OBTAINED BY OPENING THE BLASTOCYST AND PLACING THE INNER MASS IN TISSUE CULTURE. IN CULTURE THE CELLS DIVIDE AND MAKE EXACT COPIES OF THEMSELVES.

Embryonic vs Adult STEM CELLS http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/stemcells/scintro/ http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/stemcells/quickref/