Memory and Intelligence Finding Nemo Ch. 8 & 9

Memory Memory Flashbulb Memory persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information Flashbulb Memory a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event How Does Your Memory Work?

Memory Encoding Storage Retrieval the processing of information into the memory system (extracting meaning) Storage the retention of encoded information over time Retrieval process of getting information out

Memory Short-Term Memory Long-Term Memory activated memory that holds a few items briefly Long-Term Memory the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system

Encoding Automatic Processing unconscious encoding of incidental information space time frequency well-learned information word meanings we can learn automatic processing reading backwards

Encoding Effortful Processing Rehearsal requires attention and conscious effort Rehearsal conscious repetition of information to maintain it in consciousness to encode it for storage

Encoding Imagery Mnemonics Chunking mental pictures a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding Mnemonics memory aids (ROY G BIV) especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices Chunking organizing items into familiar, manageable units use of acronyms HOMES--Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior

Storage: Long-Term Memory How does storage work? Karl Lashley (1950) rats learn maze lesion cortex test memory Synaptic changes Long-term Potentiation Strong emotions make for stronger memories some stress hormones boost learning and retention

Storage: Long-Term Memory Implicit vs. Explicit Memory Retention independent of conscious recollection vs. memory of facts and experiences Tasks requiring implicit memory Tasks requiring explicit memory   mirror tracing recalling last year reading reversed text paired associate learning doing a word-completion task identifying the head of state singing part of a familiar song writing a term paper

Retrieval Recall Recognition the person must retrieve information learned earlier as on a fill-in-the blank test Recognition the person has only to identify items previously learned as on a multiple-choice test

Retrieval Cues Deja Vu (French)--already seen cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience "I've experienced this before."

Retrieval Cues Mood-congruent Memory State-dependent Memory tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current mood memory, emotions, or moods serve as retrieval cues State-dependent Memory what is learned in one state (high, drunk, or depressed) can more easily be remembered when in same state

Forgetting Forgetting as encoding failure Information never enters long-term memory External events Sensory memory Short- term Long- Attention Encoding failure leads to forgetting

Forgetting Interference Proactive (forward acting) Interference disruptive effect of prior learning on recall of new information Retroactive (backwards acting) Interference disruptive effect of new learning on recall of old information

Forgetting Interference, cont. Motivated Forgetting Repression people unknowingly revise memories Repression defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories Amnesia – loss of memory

Memory Construction We filter information and fill in missing pieces Misinformation Effect incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event Source Amnesia attributing to the wrong source an event that we experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined (misattribution)

Origins of Intelligence Testing ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations Mental Age a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance Stanford-Binet IQ Test

Multiple Intelligences? Social Intelligence the know-how involved in comprehending social situations and managing oneself successfully Emotional Intelligence ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions Howard Gardner (7 Intelligences) Visual-Spatial, Kinesthetic, Musical, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal, Linguistic, Logical-Mathematical

Assessing Intelligence Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) most widely used intelligence test subtests verbal and performance Aptitude Tests a test designed to predict a person’s future performance aptitude is the capacity to learn Achievement Tests a test designed to assess what a person has learned

Assessing Intelligence Standardization defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested “standardization group” Normal Curve

Assessing Intelligence Reliability the extent to which a test yields consistent results assessed by consistency of scores on: two halves of the test alternate forms of the test retesting Validity the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to