3 Features of Renaissance Rebirth of Greco-Roman culture idealization of Ancient Greek and Roman culture Perfecting the individual Idealizing humanity Secularism Emphasis on non-religious rather than religious

The High Artistic Renaissance Cultural Center moved from Florence to Rome Focus on idealistic portrayal over realistic form 3 Giants: Leonardo da Vinci Raphael Michelangelo

High Artistic Renaissance Leonardo da Vinci (1452 – 1519) Last Supper 3 dimensional subjects Figures are idealized to show each apostle’s personality and relationship to Jesus Reflects?... Perfecting the Individual: Humanism-Depicts god as a human, symbolizing the perfection of man

High Artistic Renaissance Raphael (1483 – 1520) School of Athens- shows imaginary gathering of ancient philosophers Reflects: Greco-Roman culture- Classic architecture, depicts Aristotle, Plato, Ptolemy, and Pythagoras Idealization of the individual- emphasizing the greatness of humans such as Plato Secularization- idealizes intellectuals, not religious figures

High Artistic Renaissance Michelangelo (1475 – 1564) Painter, sculptor, architect The Sistine Chapel- depicts the fall of man from the 9 books of Genesis

High Artistic Renaissance- Michelangelo Influenced by Neoplatonism Synthesis of Christianity and Plato Hierarchy of substances: physical matter (plants)  Humans  God Humans were the link between the physical world (body) and spiritual world (soul) Reflects… Perfecting the Individual Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel: “Creation of Adam”- well proportioned, muscular Adam reveals ideal human being meant to be a reflection of divine beauty (the more beautiful the body, the more god-like the figure) David- 14 ft marble statue depicts the biblical hero David.

The European State and Church in the Renaissance

The European State in the Renaissance The Renaissance State in Western Europe England War of the Roses- English civil war 1455-1485 Lancaster (supported by Tudors)= red rose York= white rose Result- York defeated, founding of Tudor dynasty Henry VII Tudor (1485 – 1509)- led strong, stable and prosperous monarchial government

The European State in the Renaissance The Renaissance State in Western Europe Spain Unification of Castile and Aragón- through marriage of Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon Establishment of professional royal army Religious uniformity- Catholic The Inquisition- guarantee orthodoxy of Jewish and Muslim converts- used physical torture to extract confessions Estimates of 2,000 executed, 92% being Jewish conversos Conquest of Granada- annexed to Castile, Islamic rule ended, Reconquista complete Expulsion of the Jews- approx. 150,000 prevent the "great harm” suffered by conversos from contact with Jews

The Lion Court in the Alhambra Granada, Spain

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Central, Eastern, and Ottoman Empires Central Europe: The Holy Roman Empire Habsburg Dynasty Success through marriage not military Maximilian I (1493 – 1519) Gained east-central France, Luxembourg, and Low Countries from his marriage to Mary of Burgundy Married his son Phillip to daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella Their son Charles became both King of Spain and Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire Opposition of the French for fear because they were surrounded by Habsburgs (recall Italian Wars) Charles I and V, painted by Titan

Central, Eastern, and Ottoman Empires The Ottoman Turks and the end of the Byzantine Empire History of the Eastern Roman Empire: In 285, Emperor Diocletian divided the Roman Empire's administration into eastern and western halves 324, Emperor Constantine I transferred the eastern capital to Byzantium and renamed it Constantinople Following the fall of Rome in the 5th century, Byzantium was seen as the direct continuation of the Roman state It was distinguished by its Greek culture and Christian Orthodoxy Middle Ages: Byzantine Empire acted as a buffer between the Muslim Turks and the Christian West Seljuk Turks spread into Byzantine territory (1300s) Constantinople falls to the Turks (1453) Mongol domination ended in Russia Controlled by Mongols since 1200s Ivan III annexed Russian lands and ended the Mongol invasion After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, Moscow succeed Constantinople of becoming the new hub of Christian orthodoxy

The Grand Bazaar in Contemporary Istanbul

Challenge Question #1 Summarize the changes in each European state in 10 words or less (per state) England civil war, emergence of Tudors Spain unification of Aragon and Castile, inquisition Holy Roman Empire Habsburg dynasty becomes more powerful through marriage Ottoman Empire Fall of Byzantium, Ottoman Turks new power Russia got rid of Mongols, new center for Christian Orthodoxy

The Church in the Renaissance The Problem of Heresy and Reform John Wyclif and Lollards Disgusted by clerical corruption No basis in scripture for papal claims to authority Advocated popes be stripped of property and power Urged the printing of the Bible in the vernacular so every Christian could read it John Hus and the Hussites Urged the elimination of worldliness and corruption of the clergy Burned at the stake (1415) Execution of Hus

The Church in the Renaissance The Renaissance Papacy Julius II (1503 – 1513) “Warrior Pope”- personally led armies against his enemies in the Italian Wars Pious Christians appalled; viewed the role of the pope as a spiritual leader Patron of the Arts- Patron of Raphael and Michelangelo Leo X (1513 – 1521) Second son of Lorenzo de' Medici Executed foreign policy through his participation in alliances in the Italian Wars Patron of the arts and education Spendthrift- interest in art, literature, and personal luxury caused financial crisis Granted indulgences for those who donated to reconstruct St. Peter's Basilica Pope during publication of Martin Luther’s 95 Theses Succeeded by Giulio di Giuliano de' Medici, as Pope Clement VII (1523–34). Nepotism Appointed family members to often unearned positions to promote familial interests and gain loyal servants Portrait of Pope Julius II by Raphael Leo X's pet elephant, Hanno Raphael's Portrait of Leo X with cardinal Giulio de' Medici

Challenge Question #2 & #3 Describe the policies of the Renaissance Popes and what impact they had on the Catholic Church. Worldliness- preoccupied with secular interests such as politics and culture Caused loss of faith in the Catholic Church Why are Wyclif and Hus worth remembering in European History? *note- do not summarize what they did. I am looking for you to analyze what Semester 1 European History theme they exemplify. their reform movements exemplify people’s distrust in the Catholic Church