A New century Chapter 20 Cornell Notes

The Modern Era begins Disaster Strikes Galveston When the storm was over… On September 8, 1900, Galveston was struck by a hurricane of unbelievable force, the storm lasted for 12 hours, winds reaching up to 120 miles an hour. High-cresting tidal waves completely covered the island. -6,000 had been killed -Thousands were homeless -Worst natural disaster in U.S. History Women’s Health Protective Associations- organized to inspect and safeguard cemeteries, streets, markets, dairies, schools, hospitals and parks U.S. Army Corps of Engineers built a Sea Wall to provide protection against any future hurricanes. After Galveston was rebuilt, it resumed its role as a port of entry for immigrants

The Modern Era begins Oil- Texas Gold Texans had been using oil for centuries; Native Americans used it for medicine Explorers had used it to fix leaks in their boats Anglos had used it to grease the axles on their wagons 1840s- Canadian scientist discovered how to make Kerosene Lamps- oil was used and became more popular. 1866- people started drilling for Oil in Texas and natural gas started being used for home heating and lighting, and using oil to power locomotives

The Modern Era begins Spindletop – The First Gusher South of Beaumont, January 10, 1901- mud, gas and oil started shooting into the air, as high as 100 feet. It flowed nonstop for the next 9 days. Estimated that 100,000 barrels of oil flowed PER DAY until the well could be capped. Effect of Spindletop: -Boosted overall economic development within Texas and beyond; -Pennsylvania got new refineries, -others constructed refineries, -pipelines, -ocean tanker -storage facilities, -AND it encouraged others to drill in Texas.

The Modern Era begins Houston Benefits from Oil Discoveries As oil fields grew around it, Houston became the center of oil business activities. Petroleum companies needed the banking, insurance, transportation, and legal services that Houston could provide. “Where 17 Railroads Meet the Sea.” Houston Ship Channel was built to accommodate modern ships.

The Modern Era begins Lumber Booms in East Texas Dallas Dominates Central Texas Derricks- high towers that held the drilling equipment were made of wood.- Texas Piney Woods were ready to answer that call. Very dangerous job! 1913- Texas Legislature created a system to pay for job-related injuries that today is known as worker’s compensation. Dallas became a center for banking, insurance and legal services. Also Retail (sold directly to the consumer in small quantities) center- Neiman – Marcus was opened 1907. Dallas’ rail connection helped make it a white- collar city.

The Progressive Movement Galveston Reforms City Government The Terrell Election Law Progressivism- a reform movement in the early twentieth century that sought to correct social and political problems Commission- a form of city government in which citizens elect officers to head departments such as public safely and human services; the mayor has little power Terrell Election Laws- passed by the state legislature, this law called for secret ballots and restricted campaigning near polling booths for all elections Primary Elections- an election in which party members choose the party’s candidates for the general election

The Progressive Movement Votes for Women Suffrage is the right to vote Opposition to Woman suffrage: Women had no need to vote because men would protect their rights Women would neglect their homes and children if they became more involved in political affairs Suffragists argued: If they had the right to vote, they could be even more effective in their traditional roles; they could cast their ballots in favor of better schools, more playgrounds, safe parks, and improved public health.

The Progressive Movement Votes for Women cont. Woman suffrage also argued: If a woman failed to pay her taxes, her property could be sold; if she forged a check, she could go to jail; if she stole, she could be convicted; and if she defaulted on her contracts, she could be sued- in NONE of these cases would her father or husband be punished- therefore WHY was it that the only place in world that men wanted to represent women was at the ballot box?! 1918: Texas women won the right to vote in party primaries by making a deal with the new governor, William P. Hobby. They promised that if he would sign a bill granting women the right to vote in primaries, they would support him in the forthcoming election. United States : Nineteenth Amendment women were granted the right to Vote throughout U.S.

The Progressive Movement Prohibition 1919 the Eighteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution stated that Alcoholic beverages were illegal It was so unpopular that in 1933 the law was repealed, it was thought the repeal would help improve the economy (You can tax the sales on alcohol only if alcohol is legal)

Discrimination this is a very ugly part of our history. African Americans fight discrimination Progress Era did not benefit African Americans When the Republicans occupied the White House, they often appointed African Americans to federal jobs, sometimes in Texas. By the 1890s the Republican Party stopped supporting African Americans because its members thought it would always be seen as a minority party in the South. Jim Crow Laws- laws discrimination against African Americans Segregation- the act of segregating, or setting apart, from the general population

Discrimination this is a very ugly part of our history. African Americans fight discrimination Blacks were required to sit in the back of streetcars, buses and in the balconies of public theaters. Had separate water fountains, restrooms, railway cars and waiting rooms. Lynched- to put to death (as by hanging) without a legal trial Poll Tax-a tax of a fixed amount so a person could vote National Association for the Advancement of Colored People- created to help work for racial equality. Began in Houston in 1912.

Discrimination this is a very ugly part of our history. Cultures Clash in South Texas Write three sentences that summarize this section. Answers can include: Mexicans were coming into Texas because of the Mexican Revolution of 1910- 1920 People of Mexican descent made up almost half of the population in South Texas Many people were killed from all “sides” Texas Rangers and state militias were sent to help, but were later found to be adding to the violent