Global History 9 Midterm Exam Review

The First humans?

Prehistory: Period before writing was developed

Paleolithic Era (Old Stone Age) Hunter-Gatherer Lifestyle Nomadic people migrated in search of food supplies; Limited population smaller clans/ tribes Use of fire, simple tools

Neolithic Revolution shift from hunter/gatherer lifestyle to a permanent, agricultural lifestyle Domestication of animals Leads to civilizations New technology Populations increase

Civilizations What characteristics make something a civilization ? What characteristics where particularly important to the civilizations that follow ?

First Civilizations – where & why?

Mesopotamia The Tigris and Euphrates rivers define Mesopotamiawhich means “between the rivers” in Greek. Also called ???

Sumerians city-states (ex: Ur, Uruk) Cuneiform – written language that uses pictographs Ziggurat construction Metal plow, use of wheel polytheism

Babylonians Modern Iraq (Tigris-Euphrates Valley) Hammurabi’s Law Code – characteristics?

Indus River Valley Civilization Mohenjo-Daro or Harappan Culture Sewer system, grid streets, uniform building construction; all examples of centralized government. What does this evidence suggest about this civilization?

China’s River Valley Civilization Huang He River (Yellow River Valley) - Nickname? Impact of Geography? Shang Dynasty – 1650 BC Developed written script (see ________ __________)

ZHOU DYNASTY 1100 BCE – 221 BCE Concept of Mandate of Heaven and the Dynastic Cycle Feudal system First books How to make silk from cocoons of silk worm

SHI HUANGDI and Qin Dynasty – 221 BCE – 206 BCE Proclaimed himself “First Emperor” Centralized gov’t Promoted uniformity in Chinese writing Great Wall Terracotta Warriors

Ethnocentrism Belief that one’s culture is superior to all others Highly negative connotation

Kingdoms of the Middle East: Phoenicians 22 character alphabet becomes basis for Greek Alphabet

Lydians Used coin money; replaces barter system

Religion / Philosophy The major ideas of the following beliefs systems are listed here; that doesn’t mean you shouldn’t know other things about them !!!!!!

Hinduism Origins: India Reincarnation Concepts of dharma, karma Polytheistic Vedas, Upanishads are holy texts

Confucianism Origins: China Based on the teachings of Confucius Human nature is generally good – the good in people can be cultivated through education Emphasis is on the group rather than the individual; the needs of the group are more important 5 Key Relationships; the superior person must set a good example Scholars hold highest position in government; education is the noblest pursuit Basis of civil service exam throughout Chinese

Buddhism Origins - India Founded by Siddartha Guatama Four Noble Truths – Life is ____________ and the cause of it is _________ You can reach Enlightenment if you follow the ____________ Rejects the Caste System Embraces ideas of karma and reincarnation Explanation of life through the Four Noble Truths Encourage moral life as described in the Eightfold Path

Animism belief that a soul or spirit existed in every object, even if it was inanimate (nonliving) Found in traditional African cultures and Native American cultures

Judaism Religion of the Hebrews monotheistic Belief in the covenant; promise made between Yahweh (God) & Abraham Led from slavery in Egypt by Moses (story of the Exodus) Torah- holy scriptures (first 5 books of the Old testament)

Christianity Based largely in the Jewish tradition Jesus of Nazareth believed to be Messiah holy scripture- New Testament –Gospels Various divisions and sects have developed Roman Catholic, Greek Orthodox, Protestant faiths

Interdependence Term that highlights the reliance that cultures have on one another Particularly true in modern world; limited resources require greater cooperation on the part of individual nations so that all people have access to needed materials Also demonstrated by early societies where success of society depended on everyone fulfilling their roles

Monarchy Political system where a single ruler, presumably from a noble family, runs the government Most common political system in early civilizations EX- Egypt, Chinese Dynasties

Democracy Political system where power is in the hands of the citizens Athens was a direct democracy The Roman Republic was a representative democracy (model for U.S. constitution)

Greece Achievements in math, science, philosophy, art, architecture City-state structure Athenian democracy Alexander the Great

Rome Begins as a city-state, republic Expands to Empire Civil War leads to imperial government Pax Romana Roads, cities, aqueducts, architecture Influence of law rise of Christianity