Strategic planning There are many different types of plans and planning. Strategic planning involves analyzing competitive opportunities and threats, as well as the strengths and weaknesses of the organization, and then determining how to position the organization to compete effectively in their environment. Dr. Naglaa Hegazy

. Strategic planning(cont.) . Strategic planning has a long time frame, often three years or more. Strategic planning generally includes the entire organization and includes formulation of objectives Dr. Naglaa Hegazy

Strategic planning(cont.) . Strategic planning is often based on the organization’s mission, which is its fundamental reason for existence. An organization’s top management most often conducts strategic planning. Dr. Naglaa Hegazy

Tactical planning Tactical planning is intermediate-range (one to three years) planning that is designed to develop relatively concrete and specific means to implement the strategic plan. Middle-level managers often engage in tactical planning. Dr. Naglaa Hegazy

Operational planning Operational planning generally assumes the existence of organization-wide or subunit goals and objectives and specifies ways to achieve them. Operational planning is short-range (less than a year) planning that is designed to develop specific action steps that support the strategic and tactical plans Dr. Naglaa Hegazy

Management vs. Administration Management is the wider than administration administration handles the current problems. management is an covering and comprehensive term and administration is a part of it . . administration is just an implementing work. Dr. Naglaa Hegazy

Management vs. Administration Nature Thinking function (what is to be done and when) Doing function (how should do it .) scope Determines objectives and policies Implements plan and achieves goals through people level Top level function Middle and lower level function Skills needed Conceptual and human skills Technical and human skills Represents Owners who invest capital and receive profits Paid individuals who work for fees Usage Mostly in government ,educational Business organization Dr. Naglaa Hegazy

Characteristics of Management Management is intangible: It cannot be seen. It is an unseen force. However, management can be felt by results of its efforts in the form of production, sales and profits. Management is goal-oriented Management seeks to achieve goal; this goal may be economic or non- economic. In business organizations, the primary goal is to produce and distribute goods to make profit. In service organizations, the goal might be customer service (ex: educational institution) Dr. Naglaa Hegazy

Characteristics of Management Management is universal Management is a basic activity in all types of organizations, be they service or production providers. Management is needed in all types of organization e.g., university, club, government, and business. The basic principles of management are applicable in business, as well as in other organizations. These principles ,however, need careful application depending on situational demands. Dr. Naglaa Hegazy

Characteristics of Management Management is a group activity: Management is concerned with getting things done through people. People join groups in order to achieve results. Management helps people in achieving individual and group goals in a coordinated way. Dr. Naglaa Hegazy