By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY Mid-19c European Nationalism By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

A new movement emerges Nationalism: the belief that a person’s greatest loyalty should not be to a king or an empire but to a nation of people who share a common culture and history. When a nation has its own independent government it becomes a nation-state.

Discuss: What components are needed to form a nation? What complications could arise with this movement of nationalism?

Nationalism Pros: Cons: People within a nation come together for the common good Overthrow colonial rulers Leads to democratic nations Competition amongst nations spurs advancements Forced assimilation of minority groups Ethnic cleaning ex: Bosnia and Herzegovina in the 1990s The rise of extreme nationalism: Nazism Competition between nations leads to war

Assignment: Individually: In groups of 2-3: Fill out the chart focusing on what makes the United States a nation. In groups of 2-3: Form your own nation! You must have the following: Name of your nation - Religion Language - Culture Territory or land area - Economy Government - Two other areas of choice Create a Flag

Map: Europe 1815 Using the pages in your text: 93, 151, 170 and 187 please make sure you label & color the following areas [33 total]: Ottoman Empire Switzerland Tuscany Persian empire Kingdom of two Sicilies Papal States Piedmont Black Sea Red Sea Caspian Sea Persian Gulf Portugal Corsica Spain Sardinia Ireland Africa Wales Arabia England France Scotland Bavaria Netherlands Austria East Prussia Hanover West Prussia Westphalia Hungary Atlantic Ocean Mediterranean Sea Russia

Nationalists Challenge the System The Ottoman empire had controlled most of the Balkan area. The Greeks were the first to use their nationalist spirit to gain independence in 1830 with the help of the rest of the world. The Balkans

Italian states of Piedmont-Sardinia The Crimean War [1854-1856] Russia [claimed protectorship over the Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire] Ottoman Empire Great Britain France Italian states of Piedmont-Sardinia Russia was trying to expand into the weakening Ottoman Empire which upset the European powers. It showed the Russian empires weakness against the Industrial powers of Europe. This led Russia to reevaluate its weakening agrarian economy and social order

The Crimean War [1854-1856]

The Charge of the Light Brigade: The Battle of Balaklava [1854] Half a league, half a league,   Half a league onward, All in the valley of Death   Rode the six hundred. "Forward, the Light Brigade! "Charge for the guns!" he said: Into the valley of Death   Rode the six hundred… A romanticized poem of the battle by Alfred Lord Tennyson

Reform in Russia After the Crimean war, Russia had to reevaluate its lack of industrialization. Serfdom still existed in Russia and was hurting them economically. Tsar Alexander II realized that Russia needed to be modernized and declared serfs free in 1861. Yet, Russia continued to force its policy of Russification- forcing Russian culture on all ethnic groups in the empire.

Russian Imperial Flag

A heterogeneous empire Russian Expansion A heterogeneous empire

Forced Migration of Russia’s Jews

Radicals Change France Radicals had participated in the failed revolutions of 1848. The French revolution had called for democracy and when King Charles X tried to re-establish an absolute monarchy in France he was exiled. Once Louis-Philippe fell out of favor, riots broke out in Paris and different factions formed. Louis-Napoleon won president claimed himself emperor and industrialized France.

Italian Unification

Italian Nationalist Leaders King Victor Emmanuel II Giuseppi Garibaldi [The “Sword”] Giuseppi Mazzini [The “Heart”] Count Cavour [The “Head”]

Italian unification movement: Risorgimento [“Resurgence”] Sardinia-Piedmont: The “Magnet” Italian unification movement: Risorgimento [“Resurgence”] Italian nationalists looked to this state for leadership. King Emmanuel II selected Cavour to be his prime minister. It was Cavour's goal to unite northern Italy.

Garibaldi & His “Red Shirts” Unite with Cavour

A Unified Peninsula! A contemporary British cartoon, entitled "Right Leg in the Boot at Last," shows Garibaldi helping Victor Emmanuel put on the Italian boot.

The Kingdom of Italy: 1871

German Unification

Prussia/Austria Rivalry Prussia had a mainly German population with a strong sense of nationalism to unite Germany. Plus it had a great army. Austria had many ethnic groups which kept it from being unified.

Key Players

Kaiser Wilhelm I Wilhelm took over the Prussian throne in 1861. Parliament refused to give him money for his reforms so he selected Junker (strong conservative member in Prussia) Otto von Bismarck to be his prime minister. Together they defied Parliament.

Chancellor Otto von Bismarck Realpolitik- meaning the politics of reality The “Iron Chancellor” “Blood & Iron”

Otto von Bismarck . . . . The less people know about how sausages and laws are made, the better they’ll sleep at night. Never believe in anything until it has been officially denied. The great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches and majority decisions—that was the mistake of 1848-1849—but by blood and iron. Some damned foolish thing in the Balkans will provoke the next war.

The German Confederation

Prussian Expansion Prussia Step #1: The Danish War [1864] Prussia allied with Austria to take on the Danes to win 2 border provinces. Austria

Step #2: Austro-Prussian War [Seven Weeks’ War], 1866 Bismarck stirred up trouble with Austria over the two areas they had just won. This provoked Austria to declare war on Prussia. Prussia’s superior army quickly defeated the Austrians. The Austrians were forced to give up their land to both Prussia and Italy. Prussia was now able to unite both E and W Prussia with the northern German states.

Step #3:Franco-Prussian War Bismarck wanted to unite the southern German states that were still independent with Prussia. This was difficult seeing that the Catholic southern states resisted Protestant Prussian control. Bismarck decided that he would “rally” a war with France so the southern states would feel threatened and would unite with Prussia. He created the impression that King Wilhelm insulted the French ambassador causing the French to declare war. The Prussians quickly defeated the French allowing Germany to be united.

Franco-Prussian War [1870-1871] German soldiers “abusing” the French.

Coronation of Kaiser Wilhelm I [r. 1871–1888]

Prussian Junkers Swear Their Allegiance to the Kaiser

German Imperial Flag German for “Empire.”

France continues to struggle After the Franco-Prussian war, France went into a series of crises. Between 1871-1914, the French changed government almost yearly. The French were finally able to establish the Third Republic which would last 60years, but divisions remained: Monarchists --aristocrats Clergy -- military leaders

Dreyfus Affair and Zionism The Dreyfus affair would send the opposing forces of France into further divisions. There had long been anti-Semitism in France but it was during the affair that it was at its height. Captain Alfred Dreyfus was a Jewish officer in the French army accused of spying for the Germans.

Dreyfus Affair and Zionism The court found him guilty on false evidence and sentenced him to life. Later new evidence showed that Dreyfus had been framed!! The Dreyfus affair exposed the ugliness of anti-Semitism in western Europe. Yet, in Eastern Europe and Russia pogroms were often. Many Jews longed for a homeland in Palestine. Zionism developed to pursue this goal.

Eastern Europe in the Last Half of the 19c

Differing Nationalities in the Austrian Empire

Austrian Imperial Flag

Emperor Franz Josef I [r. 1848-1916]

The Compromise of 1867: The Dual Monarchy  Austria-Hungary The Hungarian Flag

The Ottoman Empire -- Late 19c “The Sicker Man of Europe”

A shift in power By 1871, Britain and Germany clearly dominated as the super powers. Austria and Russia lagged for behind while France was somewhere in the middle. The balance of power had changed.

Map: Europe 1870 Using the pages in your text please make sure you label & color the following areas [31 total]: Italy Germany Luxembourg Denmark Portugal Wales Arabia France England Scotland Netherlands Belgium Austria-Hungary Empire Russia Atlantic Ocean Ottoman Empire Mediterranean Sea Switzerland Kingdom of Norway and Sweden Finland Greece Ireland Serbia Africa Romania Iceland Black Sea Corsica Red Sea Spain