Advanced Placement Environmental Science Teacher Acid Rain Mark Ewoldsen, Ph.D. Advanced Placement Environmental Science Teacher La Cañada High School

Background Information

Atmosphere

Earth’s Atmosphere Compared to the size of the Earth (12000 km) The atmosphere is very thin (120 km) http://www.gsfc.nasa.gov/gsfc/earth/pinatuboimages.htm

If the Earth is compared to this Orange the Earth’s atmosphere would be thinner than the layer of pesticide on this Orange’s surface

Two Atmosphere Layers Stratosphere is above Troposphere Ozone Layer blocks UV radiation Troposphere is where we live Weather & Global Warming 72% of all air is below the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (33000 ft)

Measuring Acid Rain Acid rain is measured using a "pH" scale. The lower the pH, the more acidic Pure water has a pH of 7.0 Normal rain is slightly acidic and has a pH of about 5.6 because of H2CO3 Rainfall with a pH less than 5.6 is acid rain As of the year 2010, the most acidic rain falling in the US has a pH of about 4.3.

Two Forms… Wet Refers to acid rain, fog, sleet, cloud vapor and snow. Dry Refers to acidic gases and particles.

Compounds Two main contributers to acid deposition: Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) * 66% of all sulfur dioxides and 25% of all nitrogen oxides comes from electric power generation that produces energy by burning fossil fuels.

When gas pollutants e.g. sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide dissolve in rain water, various acids are formed. CO2 + H2O  H2CO3 (carbonic acid) SO2 + H2O  H2SO3 (sulphorous acid) NO2 + H2O  HNO2 (nitrous acid) + HNO3 (nitric acid)

sulfuric acid nitric acid Primary Pollutants SO2 NO2 Secondary Pollutants H2SO4 HNO2 sulfuric acid nitric acid Primary Pollutants SO2 NO2 acidic precipitation vegetation direct toxicity indirect health effects water Fossil fuels Power plants Industrial emissions Auto emissions soils leaching of minerals sediments leaching aluminum

“Wet” Acid Rain Acidic water flows over and through the ground Affects a variety of plants and animals.

“Dry” Acid Rain Dry deposition refers to acidic gases and particles. About half of the acidity in the atmosphere falls back to earth through dry deposition. The wind blows these acidic particles and gases onto/into buildings, cars, homes, and trees. http://svr1-pek.unep.net/soechina/images/acid.jpg

Nutrients Acidic water dissolves the nutrients and helpful minerals in the soil washes nutrients away before plants can use them to grow. Acid rain also causes the release of substances, such as aluminum, that are toxic to plants

Effects on Wildlife Generally, the young of most species are more sensitive to environmental conditions than adults. At pH 5, most fish eggs cannot hatch. At lower pH levels, some adult fish die. Some acid lakes have no fish.

Effects on Wildlife Both low pH and increased aluminum levels are directly toxic to fish. Chronic stress that leads to lower body weight smaller size

Acid Rain and Forests Acid rain does not usually kill trees directly Weakens trees Damaging leaves Limiting nutrients available Toxic substances slowly released from the soil.

Mongolia Germany

Great Smoky Mountains, NC

1985 Sulfate Ion Concentrations 1985-2004 http://nadp.sws.uiuc.edu/amaps2/ 1985 1986 1984

Sulfate Ion Concentrations 1985-2004 1986 1987 1985

Sulfate Ion Concentrations 1985-2004 1987 1988 1986

Sulfate Ion Concentrations 1985-2004 1988 1989 1987

Sulfate Ion Concentrations 1985-2004 1989 1990 1988

Sulfate Ion Concentrations 1985-2004 1990 1991 1989

Sulfate Ion Concentrations 1985-2004 1991 1992 1990

Sulfate Ion Concentrations 1985-2004 1992 1993 1991

Sulfate Ion Concentrations 1985-2004 1993 1994 1992

Sulfate Ion Concentrations 1985-2004 1994 1995 1993

Sulfate Ion Concentrations 1985-2004 1995 1996 1994

Sulfate Ion Concentrations 1985-2004 1996 1997 1995

Sulfate Ion Concentrations 1985-2004 1997 1998 1996

Sulfate Ion Concentrations 1985-2004 1998 1999 1997

Sulfate Ion Concentrations 1985-2004 1999 2000 1998

Sulfate Ion Concentrations 1985-2004 2000 2001 1999

Sulfate Ion Concentrations 1985-2004 2001 2002 2000

Sulfate Ion Concentrations 1985-2004 2002 2003 2001

Sulfate Ion Concentrations 1985-2004 2003 2004 2002

Sulfate Ion Concentrations 1985-2004 2004 2005 2003