To what extent did Napoleon maintain the ideals of the French Revolution? To what extent did conservatism achieve its objectives in the years between 1815 and 1849? Describe how nationalism affected the Ottoman empire differently than it did the Prussian empire. What do you think accounted for these differences? Identify and describe the events leading up to the unification of Germany in 1871 and discuss how nationalism influenced this development. Discuss the factors that contributed to the rapid rise of cities during the industrialization period of the nineteenth century. How did this urbanization influence the realism movement in the arts? What is the relationship between urban growth, industry, and the rise of socialism during this period?

Metternich and Conservatism 1815-1850

Impact of Napoleon’s Reign over Europe Post-Revolution Reactionary Developments Congress of Vienna (1814) Quadruple Alliance, members and delegates Klemens von Metternich (1773-1859) Chief goals of the Congress legitimacy, compensation, and balance of power Important Decisions Reactionary Policies Carlsbad Decrees (1819) Concert of Europe Principle of Intervention Ideologies Nationalism Liberalism Conservatism

Nationalism The idea that each people has its own genius and its own specific unity, which manifests itself in a common language and history. It often leads to the desire for an independent political state.

Liberalism An idea centered around the concepts of equality and liberty; liberals demanded representative governments and equality before the law, as well as individual freedoms such as freedom of the press, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, and freedom from arbitrary arrest.

Conservatism A political philosophy based on strict obedience to political authority, adherence to organized religion, tradition, and social stability.

Using your textbook, handouts, and any other resources available to you, write out a detailed description of the following events and identify their significance to the changes taking place in early nineteenth-century Europe. 1. The Peterloo Massacre and the Six Acts of 1819 2. King Louis XVIII and the Charter (Restoration Period) 3. King Charles X and Louis Philippe (French Revolt, 1830) 4. The Greek Revolution (1821-1832) 5. The Decembrist Revolt, 1825 6. Belgian Revolt, 1830 7. Polish Revolt, 1830

In 1825, after the death of Tsar Alexander I, there was some controversy over who would rule Russia. Who were the candidates? Who/what were the “Northern” and “Southern” societies and whom/what did they support? What was this revolt called and how did it affect the new Tsar? How did France’s King Charles X engineer his own downfall? Who was his successor to the throne and how did he come to be Charles’ successor? What was the name of this monarchy with a “Citizen King?” Name some areas of repercussion of the “July Revolution.” In particular what happened in Belgium? History never seemed to tire of crushing the political aspirations of Poland. Tsar Nicholas I issued the Organic Statute in response to the Poles’ insurrection of 1830. What did the statute do to Poland? Who was Lord Earl Grey? Briefly describe the ministries of Grey’s predecessors, Lord Liverpool, then Canning and Wellington. Describe the process of “Catholic Emancipation” in Britain. Who was Daniel O’Connell and what was his role in it? Whose ministry did the Catholic Emancipation act bring down and how did it get passed by Parliament? Earl Grey is often credited with passage of the famous Reform Bill of 1832. How did this controversial legislation ever make it through Parliament? For what did it provide? Did it effectively change the way Great Britain was governed?

Conservatism and Attempts at Liberal Reform 1815-1848 Great Britain, Conservatism to Reform, 1815-1850 Tories and Whigs Conservative Tories, Liberal Whigs Post-war economic problems, unemployment, Corn Laws of 1815 Government suspension of rights, Six Acts of 1819, Peterloo Massacre Whigs gained control (1830), Reform Bill of 1832 Factory Act of 1831, Poor Law of 1834, Mines Act of 1834, 10-Hour Act of 1847 The Chartists, 1838-1848 Anti-Corn Law League, repeal of the Corn Law (1846) Repeal of the Navigation Laws (end to mercantilism)

Conservatism and Attempts at Liberal Reform 1815-1848 Russia and the Decembrist Revolt (1825) Napoleonic Wars and the Enlightenment Alexander I (r.1801-1825) Russian soldiers, Napoleon, and the Enlightenment authoritarian rule, death of Alexander in 1825 Constantine (1779-1831) and Nicholas (r.1825-1855) Decembrist Revolt (December 26, 1825), Moscow regiment Liberal Reform in Russia? Nicholas I and Conservative Reaction Orthodoxy, autocracy, nationalism

Conservatism and Attempts at Liberal Reform 1815-1848 France and the July Revolution of 1830 Restoration of the Bourbon Dynasty, Louis XVIII (r.1815-1824) Constitutional Charter- limited monarchy, bicameral legislature Charles X (r.1824-1830) and reactionary policies July Revolution of 1830, Louis Philippe of Orléans (r.1830-1848), Francois Guizot, bourgeoisie-controlled government “When France sneezes, Europe catches a cold.” –Metternich European Revolutions that Followed: Italy (1831-1832) The Germanies (1830-1833) Belgium (1830) Poland (1830-1831)

The Revolutions of 1848

Read pp.678-684 (Hunt) and pp. 710-720 (Kagan) and be able to answer the following questions. What happened to France’s monarchy in 1830? Where in Europe did the revolutions of 1848 begin? List some of the factors that contributed to the start of these revolutions? Who was elected the first president of the Second Republic of France? List other areas where revolutions erupted in France? To what extent were these revolutions successful or unsuccessful?

The Crowned Heads of Europe- 1848

“Royalty in Distress”

The Revolutions of 1848 Causes/Origins of the Revolutions France Louis-Philippe, economic problems, middle class desires to extend political rights Constitutional Monarchy overthrown in 1848 National Assembly, universal male suffrage national workshops for unemployed workers and worker revolts The Second Republic established in November 1848 Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, first president

Paris, 1848

Tuileries Palace, 1848

February 23, 1848

National Assembly- May 15, 1848

A National Workshop in 1848

June Days of 1848- Paris, France

The Revolutions of 1848 The Austrian Empire multinational state, Hapsburg ruler Liberalism and Nationalism subsequent disunity and the return of conservative rule Revolution in the Empire Italian States Hungary Bohemia

Lajos Kossuth, Hungarian Revolution of 1848

1848 Revolutions

The German National Assembly- Frankfurt, 1848 The Revolutions of 1848 Prussia and the German States German Confederation middle class desire for liberal change, promises Frankfurt Assembly Denmark, Schleswig and Holstein Prussia and Frederick William IV German Unification? The German National Assembly- Frankfurt, 1848

Evaluation of the 1848 Revolutions