Date of download: 12/24/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Measurement and Description of Three-Dimensional Shoulder Range of Motion With Degrees of Freedom Interactions J Biomech Eng. 2014;136(8):084502-084502-6. doi:10.1115/1.4027665 Figure Legend: Boxplots representing the effects of movement series on maximal shoulder RoM volume with paired t-test. The series showing significant differences with each other are mentioned after one (p < 0.05) or two (p < 0.01) asterisks. The red crosses represent outliers.

Date of download: 12/24/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Measurement and Description of Three-Dimensional Shoulder Range of Motion With Degrees of Freedom Interactions J Biomech Eng. 2014;136(8):084502-084502-6. doi:10.1115/1.4027665 Figure Legend: Slices of average RoM volume for all series compared to the literature data. Subplots indicate the 2D rotation–elevation interaction every 45 deg of plane of elevation.

Date of download: 12/24/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Measurement and Description of Three-Dimensional Shoulder Range of Motion With Degrees of Freedom Interactions J Biomech Eng. 2014;136(8):084502-084502-6. doi:10.1115/1.4027665 Figure Legend: Example of hull construction for the first series of movements (elevations). (a) Poses during evolution of the movement defined by 3D angles. (b) and (c) Tetrahedra and nonconvex hull that encompasses all the poses, respectively.

Date of download: 12/24/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Measurement and Description of Three-Dimensional Shoulder Range of Motion With Degrees of Freedom Interactions J Biomech Eng. 2014;136(8):084502-084502-6. doi:10.1115/1.4027665 Figure Legend: Description of arm movement series relatively to the thorax with the arm reference frame and the corresponding axes of rotation. (a) “Elevation” series. (b) “Rotation” series. The seven vertical planes of elevation are seen from above. The maximal external, neutral, and maximal internal rotations of the arm are represented during elevation. “Plateau” indicates that elevation is stopped at 30 deg, 60 deg, 90 deg, 120 deg, 150 deg, and maximal elevation, while a maximal external–internal rotation is performed. Notes: For clarity, the arm is represented with extended elbow during internal–external rotations; however, in the reality, the elbow was bent at about 90 deg. The addition sign indicates that each combination of the right hand side is performed in all seven vertical planes of elevation.

Date of download: 12/24/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Measurement and Description of Three-Dimensional Shoulder Range of Motion With Degrees of Freedom Interactions J Biomech Eng. 2014;136(8):084502-084502-6. doi:10.1115/1.4027665 Figure Legend: (a) Individual and (b) average thoracohumeral RoM volumes, represented by 3D angle (ψ)–angle (θ)–angle (φ) hulls. Notes: The upper and lower boxes represent the thoracohumeral RoM from Klopčar's model [6] and Barnes's data [13], respectively. Vertical lines and planes indicate planes in which characteristic anatomical movement are realized.