Second Agricultural Revolution 17th & 18th centuries Developed in Europe Coincided with Industrial Revolution Improved methods of cultivating, harvesting, and storage of farm produce Reading: The Industrial Revolution and Land Transformation

Reading Task: Identify six consequences the Industrial Revolution had on agriculture and mankind’s relationship with the land.

Changes: Rise of the Machines

Changes: Rise of the Machines

Changes: Rise of the Machines

Changes: New Technologies Seed drill Improved irrigation New fertilizers Artificial feeds (for livestock) Mechanical reaper

European Crop Rotation

Changes: Population The Industrial Revolution has a dramatic impact on human population. Increase demand for food https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cv58ODIXdTw

Changes: New Jobs Less people working in agriculture City populations grow Factory jobs available Farming goes from subsistence to commercial.

Subsistence vs. Commercial Subsistence (LDC) Commercial (MDC) Purpose Consumption Farm size Small % of farmers Majority of population Machinery Mostly by hand Farms & other industries Mostly isolated Purpose Off-farm sale Farm size Large % of farmers Minority of population Machinery Mostly mechanized Farms & other industries Highly integrated

Labor Force In Agriculture In MDCs relatively few people work in agriculture. In LDCs the percentage of people in agriculture can be very high – often a majority.

Machinery The reason that a small number of farmers are able to feed large numbers of people in MDCs is because of machinery – tractors, cultivators, milking machines, etc. Transportation systems are also important, as are the use of fertilizers, herbicides, advanced plant and animal breeding programs, and even electronic monitoring of crops.

Farm Size Adapted from: http://www.sussex.ac.uk/Units/PRU/farm_size.pdf Data on farm size is hard to get – and different farm types (e.g. ranches vs. gardens) make meaningful comparisons difficult. Nevertheless – we can say that in developed countries, farms do tend to be larger than in developing countries.

Diet: MDC vs LDC The more developed a state is the higher the food consumption Better food security: physical, social, and economic access at all times to safe and nutritious food sufficient to meet dietary needs. Food is grown and shipped from far off places. Less developed countries struggle more with food security and undernourishment (roughly 870 million people globally). 15% of population in LDC or developing countries undernourished compared to 5% in developed. Most undernourished places: South Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, East Asia.