PRACTICE

The last big idea Mendel came up with is . independent assortment Genetic variation

Independent assortment is tricky because it deals with genes and alleles. 2 4 Flower Color Flower Pattern Blue (B) Solid (T) White (b) Stripe (t)

Which flower below could have the genotype BbTt? A Flower Color Flower Pattern Blue (B) Solid (T) White (b) Stripe (t) A B BbTt

What is the only possibly genotype for flower B? Flower Color Flower Pattern Blue (B) Solid (T) White (b) Stripe (t) A B BbTt bbtt

BbTt bbtt BT Bt bT bt bt bt bt bt Flower Color Flower Pattern Blue (B) Solid (T) White (b) Stripe (t) Independent Assortment BT Bt bT bt bt bt bt bt Genetic variation BbTt Bbtt bbTt bbtt

BbTt bbtt BT BT bt bt bt bt bt bt Flower Color Flower Pattern Blue (B) Solid (T) White (b) Stripe (t) No Independent Assortment BT BT bt bt bt bt bt bt Less genetic variation BbTt BbTt bbtt bbtt

Independent assortment is the idea that don’t stay together when gametes form. alleles for different genes BbTt Flower Color Flower Pattern Blue (B) Solid (T) White (b) Stripe (t) BT Bt bT bt

Because of independent assortment, the produced by living things are . gametes not identical BbTt Flower Color Flower Pattern Blue (B) Solid (T) White (b) Stripe (t) BT Bt bT bt

The result is more in the . genetic variation offspring White solid Blue solid White stripe Blue stripe

As it turns out, bees see blue solid flowers best.

Genetic variation ensures that at least one of the offspring will have the . phenotype needed to survive

In Mendelian genetics, alleles are always either dominant or recessive.

In the real world, however, this is not always the case.

The picture below represents . incomplete dominance X =

Incomplete dominance is when alleles of . equal strength blend X =

Ex: . hazel eyes X =

On the other hand, the picture below represents . co-dominance

Co dominance is when alleles of equal strength are , but . both expressed don’t blend Different cells

Ex: dog. dalmation

Ex: . eye heterochromia

In Mendelian genetics, there are always two alleles for each gene. Flower Color Flower Position Seed Color Seed Shape Pod Shape Pod Color Plant Height Purple Purple Axial Yellow Round Inflated Green Tall White Terminal Green Wrinkled Constricted Yellow Short

But in reality, there are - traits. multiple allele

A multiple-allele trait has alleles. more than 2

categories The phenotypes come in , rather than a spectrum.

Example: . cat fur ACCGCA TCCGAC TCTGCG

On the other hand, the image below represent a trait. polygenic

DD: dark Dd: dark dd: light Gene 1 d d D D d D d D d D d D Gene 2

A polygenic trait is controlled by , creating a of phenotypes. many genes spectrum Gene 1 d d D D d D d D d D d D Gene 2 Gene 3 Gene 4 Gene 5 Gene 6 Gene 7 Gene 8

Multiple-allele trait Incomplete dominance Co-dominance Multiple-allele trait Polygenic trait

Multiple-allele trait Incomplete dominance Co-dominance Multiple-allele trait Polygenic trait

Multiple-allele trait Incomplete dominance Co-dominance Multiple-allele trait Polygenic trait

Multiple-allele trait Incomplete dominance Co-dominance Multiple-allele trait Polygenic trait

Multiple-allele trait Incomplete dominance Co-dominance Multiple-allele trait Polygenic trait

Multiple-allele trait Incomplete dominance Co-dominance Multiple-allele trait Polygenic trait

Multiple-allele trait Incomplete dominance Co-dominance Multiple-allele trait Polygenic trait

Multiple-allele trait Incomplete dominance Co-dominance Multiple-allele trait Polygenic trait

Multiple-allele trait Incomplete dominance Co-dominance Multiple-allele trait Polygenic trait

Multiple-allele trait Incomplete dominance Co-dominance Multiple-allele trait Polygenic trait

Multiple-allele trait Incomplete dominance Co-dominance Multiple-allele trait Polygenic trait