Chapter 25: The Consolidation of Latin America, 1830-1920

From Colonies to Nations American born whites (Creoles) began expressing doubts about the policies of Spain and Portugal. Four events had a strong impact on Latin American independence American Revolution French Revolution Haitian Revolution 1808- French invasion of Portugal and Spain

From Colonies to Nations Independence in Mexico (1821) 1820- Father Miguel de Hidalgo Lost support of Creoles 1821- Augustin de Iturbide, emperor of Mexico Agreement with army and insurgents Monarchy in Mexico Central America was attached until 1824 Republic of Mexico “United Mexican States” or “Mexico”

From Colonies to Nations 1819- Independence in Gran Columbia (Venezuela, Columbia, Ecuador) Simon Bolivar Broke up in 1830 Independence in Argentina (Rio de la Plata) Jose de San Martin Buenos Aires resented trade restrictions 1816- United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata Argentina, Bolivia, Uruguay 1825- All of Spanish South America= independent

From Colonies to Nations Brazil was economically important to Portugal because of its sugar, cotton, cacao French invasion of Portugal in 1807 Portuguese family fled to Brazil Dom Joao VI ruled Portugal from Brazil An imperial city was established Dom Joao VI was called back to Portugal, left his son Pedro as regent 1822- Dom Pedro I became consititutional emperor of Brazil

New Nations Confront Old and New Problems 1854- Slavery was abolished everywhere except Cuba, Puerto Rico and Brazil American Indian tribute and taxes ended much more slowly. Cuba and Puerto Rico suppressed movements for independence. Most attempts for consolidation and unification failed. Gran Columbia, Rio de La Plata

New Nations Confront Old and New Problems Caudillos, independent leaders, rose to power as warfare disrupted economies. Caudillos usually were interested in power. Most political leaders agreed on a republic form of government. Struggle between centralists and federalists. Centralists=Strong, centralized federal government Federalists= Regional governments Struggle between liberals and conservatives. Liberals= Stressed rights of individuals Conservatives= Corporate groups should have the most power

New Nations Confront Old and New Problems The issue of the role of the church Political parties sprang up in Latin America Either Liberal or Conservative Political turmoil and insecurity Constitutions were short-lived Brazil’s constitution lasted from 1824-1889

Latin American Economies and World Markets, 1820-1870 1823- Monroe Doctrine of the United States Any attempt by Europe to colonize in the Americas would be seen as an attack on United States Great Britain became a large consumer of Latin American goods Almost replaces Spain as economic force Open ports and foreign goods benefited Latin American ports

Latin American Economies and World Markets, 1820-1870 1820-1850= Latin American economy was stagnant Latin American cities begin to grow Steamships and railroads improved communication 1820’s and 1830’s= Liberals tried to institute change that was far too big for previously colonized areas 1840’s- Conservatives slowed or stopped reform measures

Latin American Economies and World Markets, 1820-1870 Ideas of positivism- stressed observation and scientific approach to problems of society Application of science to industry creates new demands for copper and rubber. Foreign entrepreneurs and bankers entered Latin America Immigrants from Europe came to Argentina and Brazil to fill labor needs

Latin American Economies and World Markets, 1820-1870 The Mexican constitution did not address the serious problems of Mexico. United States voted to annex Texas in 1845. Mexican-American War Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo US receives 1/2 of Mexican territory 1854- La Reforma Liberal revolt in Mexico

Latin American Economies and World Markets, 1820-1870 Civil war in Mexico after Benito Juarez tries to push radical measures Conservatives appealed to Napoleon III of France to help French landed in Mexico in 1862 and Maximilian von Hapsburg took the throne of Mexico Benito Juarez returns to office after French troops were withdrawn and Maximilian was executed.

Latin American Economies and World Markets, 1820-1870 1816- United Provinces of Rio de la Plata Liberals instituted broad reforms in education, finance, agriculture, immigration. Centralists institute a program of weak central government and local autonomy. Led by Juan Manuel de Rosas 1862- Argentine Republic Domingo F. Sarmiento and political stability

Latin American Economies and World Markets, 1820-1870 Brazil gained independence in 1822 Dom Pedro I was an autocrat Conflicts between liberals and conservatives were complicated by the existence of a monarchy. Coffee was the basis for agricultural expansion. 60% of Brazil’s exports Slavery was abolished in 1888. War of the Triple Alliance against Paraguay 1889- Coup overthrew the emperor and established a republic

Societies in Search of Themselves Women participated in independence movements but had few rights. Lower-class women had more economic freedom than upper-class women. Education expanded for women. Secular public education created new opportunities for women. Old social castes legally ended up racial discrimination still existed.

Societies in Search of Themselves Between 1880-1920, Latin American experienced tremendous spurts of economic growth. Latin America was prepared for export-led expansion. Each nation had a specialty export product. Export-led expansion could result in rivalry and war. Latin American trade increased 50% between 1870- 1890. Foreign investments provided capital and services but constrained governments in social, commercial and diplomatic policies.

Societies in Search of Themselves Porfirio Diaz dominated Mexican politics after 1876. Modification and industrialization were led by European cientificios. Changes most dramatically affected peasantry and working class people. 1910- Mexican Revolution Argentine received 3.5 million immigrants between 1857- 1910. The Radical Party in Argentina represented the middle- class but had problems.

Societies in Search of Themselves American industry was seeking new markets and raw materials after the American Civil War. Spanish-American War was over Cuba and Puerto Rico. Opened the door to direct US involvement in Caribbean. Panama Canal opened in 1914 . US backed an independence movement that separated Panama from Columbia.

Chapter 25 Discussion Questions What four events significantly impacted the independence movements in Latin America? What events let to Mexican Independence in 1821? How did Brazil achieve independence in 1822? Why did neither Gran Columbia nor Rio de La Plata succeed at unification? What political ideologies existed in Latin America? How did the United States play a part in Latin American politics? What western political ideas existed in newly independent Latin American nations?