The Five Components of Reading Catherine Armisto Suzanne Bruce Alanna Donohue

Introduction The Research The Five Components of Reading Phonemic Awareness Alphabetic Principle Fluency Vocabulary Comprehension

Report of the National Reading Panel Summarized Several Decades of Research No Child Left Behind Act Reading First Initiative The Five Components of Reading Systematic and Explicit Instruction

Systematic and Explicit Instruction Skills are taught in a planned, logical, progressive sequence. Multiple practice activities are scheduled. Students apply what has been taught. Progress monitoring Teacher states clearly what is being taught. Teacher models how to effectively use strategies. Ensures students’ attention is drawn to important features. Example: Certain sounds may be taught before others based on difficulty.

Phonemic Awareness

What are phonemes? The smallest segment of sounds with spoken language. /n/ /o/

How many phonemes? rain

How many phonemes? reign

How many phonemes? ate

How many phonemes? eight

How many phonemes? straight

Phonemic Awareness Tasks Isolating Phonemes Blending onset-rimes Blending Phonemes Deleting Phonemes Segmenting words into Phonemes Adding Phonemes Substituting Phonemes

Isolating Phonemes Phonemic Awareness Task Demonstration Activity Example Isolating Phonemes Students identify specific sounds at the beginning, middle and end of words. [T]: What is the first sound in the word dog? [S]: /d/

Blending onset-rimes Phonemic Awareness Task Demonstration Activity Example Blending onset-rimes Students blend onset-rimes to form real words. [T]: What word can you make by blending these two sounds together? /s/…/and/ [S]: sand

Blending Phonemes Phonemic Awareness Task Demonstration Activity Example Blending phonemes Students blend phonemes to form real words. [T]: What word can you make by blending these sounds? /b/ /a/ /t/ [S]: bat

Deleting Phonemes Phonemic Awareness Task Demonstration Activity Example Deleting phonemes Students identify the word that remains when a phoneme is removed or deleted. [T]: What word is left when we drop the /s/ from the word spot? [S]: pot

Segmenting Words into Phonemes Phonemic Awareness Task Demonstration Activity Example Segmenting Words into Phonemes Students break a word into its individual sounds by counting the sounds or by moving a marker for each sound. [T]: How many phonemes are there in the word bake? [S]: three

Adding Phonemes Phonemic Awareness Task Demonstration Activity Example Students make new words by adding a phoneme to a word. [T]: What word do you make when you add a /b/ to the beginning of the word ring? [S]: bring

Substituting Phonemes Phonemic Awareness Task Demonstration Activity Example Substituting Phonemes Students make a new word by replacing a specified phoneme with another. [T]: Say the word bag. Now change the /b/ to an /r/. What is the new word? [S]: rag

Why is phonemic awareness important? Strong predictor of long term reading success (Put Reading First, 1998) Many students (75%) enter kindergarten with proficient phonemic awareness skills. The 25% of students who have not mastered these skills are from all socio-economic backgrounds and need explicit instruction in phonemic awareness.

How can teachers help students develop phonemic awareness? Assess the students. Focus on one or two phonemic awareness skills. Allocate time for phonemic awareness instruction. Chants, poems, songs, and tongue teasers! The good news is that phonological awareness is one of the few factors that teachers are able to influence significantly through instruction—unlike intelligence, vocabulary, and socioeconomic status (Lane and Pullen, 2004).

How can teachers help students develop phonemic awareness? Emphasize segmenting words into phonemes. Work with small groups. Use manipulatives (sound boxes, chips, beads, etc.).

Phonemic Awareness Assessments

Sounds Great! Five Components of Reading Numerous Skillsets within each component 8 (or more) Students @ 8 different levels

Literacy Centers Phonemic Awareness Alphabetic Principle Fluency Vocabulary Comprehension Literacy Centers

Literacy Centers Alphabetic Principle Consonant-vowel-Consonant Vowel-consonant-e Prefixes and Suffixes Syllable Division Digraphs Literacy Centers Alphabetic Principle