Ashima Wadhwa Assistant Professor (IT) Amity University , Noida BREAKTHROUGH TECHNOLOGY AND CONTINUOUS TECHNOLOGY

Technology Science is exploration for the sake of knowing and for creating a body of knowledge Technology is the application of science, usually in the interests of improving human life product technologies process technologies What are product technologies? Tangibles, things we can see, hear, feel, touch. What are process technologies? New ways of doing things, new processes. In your studies of individual companies, you are seeing both product and process technologies. For example, in the cellular phone industry we see product breakthroughs as telephones get smaller, better, clearer, but the process of using them also is getting easier as telecommunication services improve. In manufacturing, a process improvement you might recognize is JIT inventory systems that order parts needed so they arrive just as they are needed. A process technology change in organizational management is empowerment which is expected to involve more people in thinking and organizational learning. When looking at technology, it is important to remember that there are both process and product breakthroughs.

Technology Can Be Low tech High tech Some combination Each approach provides opportunities for organizational advantage

CONTINUOUS TECHNOLOGY Existing infrastructures Existing knowledge Existing markets Incremental Convergent thinking- progressive refinements Increasing specialization

BREAKTHROUGH TECHNOLOGY Discovery of new knowledge related to market need or technological capabilities From horse to car Business reshaping: kerosene for lighting; ice for cooling; IT+telecom and airline, banking, entertainment

Technological Breakthroughs in Products and Processes are occurring rapidly in almost all industries all nations all businesses all lives Is this a boon or a bane? Both

Technological Changes Generate both opportunities and threats Are difficult to predict in a global world because they: occur rapidly often have unintended consequences are replaced/refined by people worldwide; changes occur “out of sight” Stimulate profound societal change in business and other spheres Make managerial and personal life more challenging Threat: about 97% of what you know today will be obsolete in 50 years because by the time you are 75 you will only be relying on about 3% of what you are learning now The challenge is to keep up.

Terrific Breakthroughs of Today Medicine: organ transplants, other life-saving techniques Oil exploration via hubbing Jet freighters for sea cargo Biotechnology, pest resistant seeds and clones Laser and “free space” optics Information technologies

What’s the best way to launch a breakthrough new energy technology? “Open Source” concept Invention and prototyping No patents on core technology Demonstration of technology at high profile press conferences in key cities globally Simultaneous wide-broadcast dissemination of “how-to-build” plans on the Internet Public is encouraged to use and improve technology and create useful derivatives (no licensing or royalties)

Why should a breakthrough energy technology be “open sourced”? Open sourcing the technology will tap into the brain trust of millions of intelligent, creative people, who could improve upon it and create countless derivative products and businesses.

Why should a breakthrough energy technology be “open sourced”? The implementation will occur more quickly (perhaps virally) as people become excited, motivated, and hopeful. People are enthused when we feel we have a stake and a role to play in a great endeavor.

Ten Innovative Products Personalized computers—customized to adapt to your way of working Multi-fuel automobiles—combine electricity, reformulated gasoline, natural gas, or other fuels Next-generation television—high definition, wall-sized flat screens for information, communication, and entertainment Electronic wallet—a smart card to replace money, keys, driver’s license, medical records, etc. Home health monitors—automatic analysis of your vitals Smart maps and tracking devices—to find what you want Smart materials—sensors that detect stress in buildings Weight control and anti-aging products Never owned, leased only products such as computers and appliances that age rapidly

Why should a breakthrough energy technology be “open sourced”? “New wine should not be put in old bottles". For good reason. The old methods are not expansive enough, may easily rupture, and spill and squander the contents. New ideas require new methods.

Thank You !!