Mendelian Genetics (Genetics History) Biolog everl Y

Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) Austrian Monk Father of Modern Genetics Experimented with Pea Plants Seven year period (1856-1863) Bred thousands of pea plants

Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) Austrian Monk Father of Modern Genetics Experimented with Pea Plants Seven year period (1856-1863) Bred thousands of pea plants Flower Color purple white

Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) Austrian Monk Father of Modern Genetics Experimented with Pea Plants Seven year period (1856-1863) Bred thousands of pea plants Flower Color Flower Position terminal axial

Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) Austrian Monk Father of Modern Genetics Experimented with Pea Plants Seven year period (1856-1863) Bred thousands of pea plants Flower Color Flower Position Seed Color yellow green

Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) Austrian Monk Father of Modern Genetics Experimented with Pea Plants Seven year period (1856-1863) Bred thousands of pea plants Flower Color Flower Position Seed Color Seed Texture smooth wrinkled

Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) Austrian Monk Father of Modern Genetics Experimented with Pea Plants Seven year period (1856-1863) Bred thousands of pea plants Flower Color Flower Position Seed Color Seed Texture Pod Color yellow green

Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) Austrian Monk Father of Modern Genetics Experimented with Pea Plants Seven year period (1856-1863) Bred thousands of pea plants Flower Color Flower Position Seed Color Seed Texture Pod Shape inflated Pod Color constricted

Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) Austrian Monk Father of Modern Genetics Experimented with Pea Plants Seven year period (1856-1863) Bred thousands of pea plants Flower Color Flower Position Seed Color Seed Texture Stem Height Pod Color Pod Shape short tall

Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) Austrian Monk Father of Modern Genetics Experimented with Pea Plants Seven year period (1856-1863) Bred thousands of pea plants Discovered pattern of heredity Heredity: Passing of traits from parent to offspring

Mendel’s Experiment P generation P Generation Male: purple flowers Female: white flowers F1 generation F2 generation

Mendel’s Experiment P generation P Generation Male: purple flowers Female: white flowers F1 Generation 100% purple Some traits are DOMINANT Some traits are RECESSIVE F1 generation F2 generation

Mendel’s Experiment P generation P Generation Male: purple flowers Female: white flowers F1 Generation 100% purple Some traits are DOMINANT Some traits are RECESSIVE F2 Generation 75% purple; 25% white Offspring won’t always resemble the parents Traits can skip generations F1 generation F2 generation

Flower Color Seed color Stem height Pod Color Seed texture Pod Shape Flower Position 224 705 = 3 purple : 1 white 6022 2001 = 3 yellow : 1 green 787 277 = 3 tall : 1 short 428 152 = 3 green : 1 yellow 5474 1850 = 3 smooth : 1 wrinkled 882 299 = 3 inflated : 1 constricted 705 224 = 3 terminal : 1 axial

Mendel’s Laws Law of Dominance: dominant form of a gene is expressed P generation F1 generation Law of Dominance: dominant form of a gene is expressed

Mendel’s Laws Seed Color Seed Texture Flower Color Pod Color Law of Dominance: dominant form of a gene is expressed Law of Independent Assortment: Genes are sorted independent of one another

Mendel’s Laws Law of Dominance: dominant form of a gene is expressed Law of Independent Assortment: Genes are sorted independent of one another Law of Segregation: Offspring inherit 1 gene copy from each parent

Genetics Vocabulary Allele: Alternate form of a gene

Genetics Vocabulary Allele: Alternate form of a gene Pod Color

A B o Genetics Vocabulary Human Blood Type Allele: Alternate form of a gene Human Blood Type A B o

Genetics Vocabulary P P Allele: Alternate form of a gene Genotype: combination of two alleles Homozygous Dominant: combination of 2 dominant alleles P P Homozygous dominant

Genetics Vocabulary p p Allele: Alternate form of a gene Genotype: combination of two alleles Homozygous Dominant: combination of 2 dominant alleles Homozygous Recessive: combination of 2 recessive alleles p p Homozygous recessive

Genetics Vocabulary p P Allele: Alternate form of a gene Genotype: combination of two alleles Homozygous Dominant: combination of 2 dominant alleles Homozygous Recessive: combination of 2 recessive alleles Heterozygous: Combination of 1 dominant, 1 recessive allele p P Heterozygous

PP Pp pp Genetics Vocabulary Allele: Alternate form of a gene Genotype: combination of two alleles Homozygous Dominant: combination of 2 dominant alleles Homozygous Recessive: combination of 2 recessive alleles Heterozygous: Combination of 1 dominant, 1 recessive allele Phenotype: Physical expression of the gene PP Phenotype: PURPLE Pp Phenotype: white pp

1 minute: Discuss with your neighbor: YY 2 Tall stems 3 Yy 4 Smooth seeds 5 SS 6 pP 7 gg 8 Green peas 9 Constricted pod 10 TT 1) Which choice(s) are genotypes? 2) Which choice(s) are heterozygous genotypes? 3) Which choice(s) are phenotypes?

1 minute: Discuss with your neighbor: YY 2 Tall stems 3 Yy 4 Smooth seeds 5 SS 6 pP 7 gg 8 Green peas 9 Constricted pod 10 TT 1) Which choice(s) are genotypes? 2) Which choice(s) are heterozygous genotypes? 3) Which choice(s) are phenotypes?

1 minute: Discuss with your neighbor: YY 2 Tall stems 3 Yy 4 Smooth seeds 5 SS 6 pP 7 gg 8 Green peas 9 Constricted pod 10 TT 1) Which choice(s) are genotypes? 2) Which choice(s) are heterozygous genotypes? 3) Which choice(s) are phenotypes?

1 minute: Discuss with your neighbor: YY 2 Tall stems 3 Yy 4 Smooth seeds 5 SS 6 pP 7 gg 8 Green peas 9 Constricted pod 10 TT 1) Which choice(s) are genotypes? 2) Which choice(s) are heterozygous genotypes? 3) Which choice(s) are phenotypes?

Punnett Squares PP P P pp p p P p P p P p P p 100% = Purple Pp Pp Pp P generation Punnett Squares Defined: Genetics tools used to predict offspring probability Setting Up Punnett Squares: Parent genotypes on outside of the squares Simply fill in each square Inside squares represent the possible offspring genotypes PP P P pp p p P p P p F1 generation P p P p 100% = Purple Pp Pp Pp Pp F2 generation

Punnett Squares PP P P p pp p P P P p Pp Pp Pp P Pp P p p P p p p P generation Punnett Squares Defined: Genetics tools used to predict offspring probability Setting Up Punnett Squares: Parent genotypes on outside of the squares Simply fill in each square Inside squares represent the possible offspring genotypes PP P P p pp p F1 generation P P P p Pp Pp Pp P Pp P p p P p p p F2 generation 75% = Purple 25% = White

1 minute: Cross a heterozygous yellow (Yy) seeded pea plant with a homozygous recessive green (yy) seeded pea plant 1) List the offspring genotypes. 2) List the offspring phenotypes. 3) What is the probability or growing a homozygous dominant pea plant? 4) What is the probability of growing yellow seeds? Y y 2Yy, 2yy 2 yellow, 2 green Y y y y y Y 0% y y y 50%

Biolog Y Practice Quiz everl How are dominant alleles expressed? Recessive? Which of the following are genotypes? Phenotypes? TT Green yY Pp Purple gg Smooth Which of the following are heterozygous genotypes? Genes may often be found in two forms (dominant and recessive). What are these alternate forms of a gene called? If item A is found in a 2:1 ratio compared to item B, what percentage is item A? If item A is found in a 4:1 ratio compared to item B, what percentage is item A? Cross a heterozygous tall pea plant with a homozygous dominant tall pea plant. List the genotypes in a Punnett square. What’s the probability of growing a: tall plant? homozygous dominant plant? homozygous recessive plant? Practice Quiz Biolog everl Y