SCIENCE STARTER Substances on the left side of a chemical equation are called _____________________? What does a chemical formula tell you? What are carbohydrates broken into? What is chemical energy called?

CHANGING MATTER Living things use different chemical reactions to get the energy needed for life processes.

CHEMICAL REACTIONS H2 + O2 H20 Changing a substance requires a chemical reaction. During this process, bonds between atoms are broken, and new ones are formed. A reactant is a substance that is changed in a chemical reaction A product is a new substance that is formed. H2 + O2 H20

METABOLISM Your cells and body get the energy it needs from the food that you eat Food is digested and broken into small pieces so it can be used by your cells This requires many complex reactions that release energy in the form of ATP which is your bodies main energy source

ENERGY IN FOOD Main sources of energy; carbohydrates, fats, and proteins Calories on food labels give you information as to the energy contained in the food Metabolizing foods give us energy and heat You can tell how much energy is contained in food by the heat it produces Can measure this heat by using a calorimeter

SCIENCE STARTER What are the reactants in the above equation? How many carbon atoms are on the product side? How do we measure how much energy is in food

calorimetry READ DIRECTIONS CAREFULLY – NO DO OVERS MEASURE 4 FOODS- ADD A COLUMNN ON DATA TABLE 2. 3. SAFETY GLASSES AT ALL TIMES 4. SET UP SHOULD LOOK LIKE THE PICTURE 5. MAKE SURE YOUR PAPER CLIP IS STABLE 6. CHANGE WATER EACH TIME

Science starter What is ATP? What biomolecule is ATP an Example of? What are the 3 parts that make up ATP?

atp Main source of energy for Cell activities Chemical reactions ATP –adenosine triphosphate Nucleic acid – base, sugar, and phosphate Main source of energy for Cell activities Chemical reactions All processes for life ( heart beating, digestion ect…)

***There are other molecules that store energy (glucose and fat) but none is as readily/quickly available as ATP. Ten million ATP molecules are made and remade per minute!

ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE--ATP RIBOSE SUGAR HIGH ENERGY BONDS ADENINE ADENOSINE PHOSPHATE GROUPS Notice the last two bonds of ATP are drawn with a squiggly lines to indicate _______________________. High energy bonds

The energy needed to form ATP comes from the food we eat. When we need energy A phosphate is removed to use the energy in the bonds. Turns into ADP

Energy from ATP can be used to do work in cells such as: \ Make macromolecules (carbs, proteins, lipids) by _____________________________ and enzyme action. DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS

2. Muscle contractions for movement 3. Transport of molecules across a cell membrane (active transport)

video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bbtqF9q_pFw

1. Which picture shows ATP? B What are the three parts of ATP 3. List two functions of the body that require ATP 4. What is ATP broken down into when a phosphate Is removed

ATP http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bbtqF9q_pFw

REVIEW 1. In this chemical reaction which side is the reactant and which side is the products H2 + O2 H20 Which of the following polymer/monomer combinations is correct? Carbohydrates Glycerol and fatty acids Nucleic acids glucose Proteins amino acids Lipids Nucleotides

video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NdMVRL4oaUo

PICK UP ENZYME INTERNET ACTIVITY IF YOU TURNED IT IN

REVIEW What is an enzyme? What is the function of an enzyme? 2 factors that denature enzymes? Which letter shows you the substrate What determines how an enzyme Functions?

Biological reactions + eNZYMES In life many of the chemical reactions needed to keep you alive would happen much to slow for us to stay alive Enzymes are needed so that these reactions can occur very quickly in order to sustain life. Catalase – helps break down toxins in the body (hydrogen peroxide) Protease – breaks down proteins Lipase – breaks down fats Amylase – breaks down starch Lactase – Breaks down lactose

ACTIVATION ENERGY- energy needed to start a reaction

ENZYMES Enzyme: Is a molecule, usually a protein that increases the speed of biochemical reactions. Each enzyme has an active site, the region where the reaction takes place. The shape of the active site determines which reactants, or substrates, will bind to it. Each different enzyme acts only on specific substrates. Binding of the substrates causes the enzyme’s shape to change. This change causes some bonds in the substrates to break and new bonds to form.

http://www.dnatube.com/video/12210/Lactose-Digestion-in-Infants http://www.dnatube.com/video/1103/Digestion-of-protein-fat-and-carbohydrate

ENZYMES Enzymes Many enzymes are proteins. Changes in temperature and pH can change a protein’s shape. If an enzyme changes shape, it won’t work well. Most enzymes need a certain range of temperatures and pH.

Science starter What is the name of E What is the name of B?

coenzymes Some enzymes need helpers to carry out their job They also bind to the active site

Competitive inhibitors A molecule that is similar to the shape of the enzyme binds to the active site. The enzyme cannot bind Many poisons and drugs are Competitive inhibitors

Enzyme Review 1.What are the structures labeled A and B 2. What is the purpose of this structure? 3. What two things would affect how the structure Works?

Review What fits into the active site of an enzyme What is an example of a competitive inhibitor What two things will affect an enzyme What is a coenzyme? What parts made up a molecule of ATP?

1. Which picture shows ADP Science starter 2. What is C called?

CATALASE

The Liver Largest organ Weighs 3-3.5 lbs Size of a football copyright cmassengale The Liver Largest organ Weighs 3-3.5 lbs Size of a football Most important organ; used to produce and store biochemicals Used to detoxify the body, removes bacteria, stores vitamins The liver is located on the right side of your body beneath the ribs. Copyright © 2004 Microsoft Corporation, One Microsoft Way, Redmond, WA 98052-6399 USA. All rights reserved.

Diseases If the liver is exposed to toxins for to long it can become damaged and not do it’s job Cirrhosis – drinking alcohol Hepatitis C Increased salt intake can decrease the livers ability to break down toxins

LAB: CATALASE As our bodies remove waste products and toxins to keep us healthy hydrogen peroxide is produced H2O2 → H2O + O2 An enzyme (catalase) in our liver breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen which is not harmful to us. When we ingest excess salt the liver cells break down the hydrogen peroxide less effectively. When we are exposed to extreme conditions our enzymes are affected