KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION CHAPTER 3 KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION BIC 3337 EXPERT SYSTEM

Introduction In knowledge acquisition, mathematics and computer science, graph theory is the study of graphs, mathematical structures used to model pair wise relations between objects. It can be used in the process of knowledge acquisition. A "graph" in this context refers to a collection of vertices and a collection of edges that connect pairs of vertices A graph may be undirected, meaning that there is no distinction between the two vertices associated with each edge, or its edges may be directed from one vertex to another BIC 3337 EXPERT SYSTEM

TASKS IN KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION Knowledge Acquisition involves getting information from an human expert in a particular area, then put the information into a computer and build a expert system with this information, making the information more clearer and available for the expert to use. In order to carry out any job you will need some kind of equipment, so in the knowledge acquisition activity, the expert system developer uses tools and aids. BIC 3337 EXPERT SYSTEM

PREREQUISITES FOR ACQUISITION Companies could employ knowledge mapping method with staff members as part of a staff development program. This would be particularly valuable if the personal map had the same spatial structure as the section knowledge map. Managers would be able to identify key individuals and plan appropriate and efficient training programs. Inefficient scheme is often because there is not enough care taken to ensure that all trainees (students) have the necessary prerequisite knowledge to benefit fully from the acquisition. BIC 3337 EXPERT SYSTEM

THE METHODS OF KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION The methods of knowledge acquisition can be divided into manual, semi-automated, and automated. The primary manual approach of knowledge acquisition is interviewing. The reasoning process of experts can be tracked by several methods. Protocol analysis is the primary method used in AI. BIC 3337 EXPERT SYSTEM

CHOOSING THE RIGHT HUMAN EXPERT A computer which exhibits knowledge relating to gravitational attraction will be expected to calculate force, to know what if any parameters are required in order to calculate force and provide simple explanations. A human could also do this given the formulae and instruction on how to use it and some answers to specific questions. However a human who can be said to understand gravitational attraction will have a clear understanding of the concepts. BIC 3337 EXPERT SYSTEM

CHOOSING THE RIGHT HUMAN EXPERT That human would also understand other concepts that are the prerequisites of mass and force. Therefore, the human expert is much more likely to be able to answer novel questions about gravitational attraction and also see gravitational attraction in new and interesting situations. BIC 3337 EXPERT SYSTEM

INTERVIEWING METHODS Interviewing methods range from completely unstructured to highly structured. Repertory Grid Analysis (RGA) is the most common technique for semi-automated interviews used in AI. Several software packages that use RGA improve the knowledge acquisition process. Face-to-face interview analysis is the most commonly used form and it involves a direct dialog between the expert and knowledge engineer. BIC 3337 EXPERT SYSTEM

PROBLEMS WITH INTERVIEWING Unstructured interviewing, according to McGraw & Harbison-Briggs, seldom provides complete or well-organized descriptions of cognitive processes. This is because the domains are generally complex ; the expert usually find it very difficult to express some of the more important elements of their knowledge ; domain experts may interpret the lack of BIC 3337 EXPERT SYSTEM

PROBLEMS WITH INTERVIEWING (cont…) of structure ; data acquired from unstructured interview are often unrelated, exist in varying levels of complexity, and are difficult for the knowledge engineer to interpret, and integrate. For walk-through interview method, it can be a tedious process. It places great demands on the domain expert, who must be able not only to demonstrate expertise but also to express it. BIC 3337 EXPERT SYSTEM

KNOWLEDGE ANALYSIS Knowledge acquisition and analysis is not an easy task. It includes identifying the knowledge, representing the knowledge in a proper format, structuring the knowledge, and transferring the knowledge to machine. This process can be greatly influenced by the roles of three major participants : the knowledge engineer, the expert, and the end-user. BIC 3337 EXPERT SYSTEM

STRUCTURING THE KNOWLEDGE GRAPHICALLY The graphs studied in graph theory should not be confused with "graphs of functions" and other kinds of graphs A pictorial representation of a graph BIC 3337 EXPERT SYSTEM