Do Now Confucius once said that, “a man who committed a mistake and doesn’t correct it is committing another mistake” Describe what you believe this quote is teaching in your own words. Provide an example of a situation in which this quote could be used as a good advice for someone.

Chapter 8 Lesson 3 Mongols in China Mrs. Stoll 7th Grade Social Studies

Mongol Expansion By A.D. 1200s, Chinese civilization had made many achievements in government, technology, and the arts. But, Mongols were preparing to invade. Mongols- the dominant nomadic group in central Asia. Became the first non-Chinese people to rule all of China

Who were the Mongols? Came from Mongolia; north of China Lived in yurts, or moveable tents Raised horses, sheep, and yaks Made up of clans, or groups of related families loosely joined together

Mongol Yurt

Who were the Mongols? Early in history, the Mongols developed skills that were necessary for nomadic living Learned to ride horseback at the age of four or five Also developed fighting skills Rode horses towards enemies and could accurately shoot arrows from far distances Also attacked with swords and spears

Genghis Khan In A.D. 1206, a meeting of Mongol leaders took place in the Gobi Desert. A warrior named Temujin (the-MOO-juhn) was elected Genghis Khan Genghis Khan means “strong ruler” Genghis Khan set out to unify the Mongol clans

Genghis Khan He organized Mongol laws to create a new legal code Formed a group of clan chiefs to help plan military campaigns Fought to conquer lands beyond Mongolia.

Genghis Khan Created an army of more than 100,000 trained warriors Soldiers were organized into units The units were placed under the command of skilled officers Army officers were chosen based on abilities rather than social position These changes made Mongols the most skilled fighting force in the world at the time

Genghis Khan Under Genghis Khan, Mongols conquered other people of the steppes These victories brought tribute money to the Mongol treasury and new recruits to the army In A.D. 1211 thousands of Mongol horsemen invaded China Within three years they had taken control of northern China

Genghis Khan After conquering northern China they moved west and invaded the kingdoms that controlled the Silk Road Genghis Khan and his warriors became known for their cruel fighting and use of terror. Mongol soldiers attacked, looted, and burned down cities Soon many began to surrender to the Mongols without even fighting them.

Empire Builders After Genghis Khan’s death in A.D. 1227, his territory was split into several areas Each area was ruled by one of his sons Despite the division, Mongol conquests continued. Warriors swept into eastern and central Europe. Also conquered Persia located in Southwest Asia

Empire Builders In A.D. 1258, Mongols captured the Muslim city of Baghdad Mongols then moved into Syria and Palestine to Egypt Muslim leaders of Egypt stopped the Mongol’s advance in A.D. 1260

Empire Builders Mongol rule stretched from the Pacific Ocean in the east to eastern Europe in the west From Siberia in the north to the Himalaya in the south Mongols created the largest land empire in history

Empire Builders Mongols caused a great deal of damage, but also brought stability Stability encouraged trade and closer contact between Asia and Europe Many of the great trade routes crossed Mongol lands Mongols grew wealthy because they taxed the products traded along these roads

Empire Builders Mongols admired the cultures they conquered and sometimes adopted their beliefs and customs The Mongols in Southwest Asia accepted Islam and adopted Arab, Persian, and Turkish ways.

Empire Builders From the Chinese, Mongols learned about gunpowder and its use as an explosive. Especially, the fire lance that later developed into the gun and cannon. After adopting the use of gunpowder, the Mongols became even more frightening to their opponents

Mongol Conquest of China In A.D. 1260, the grandson of Genghis Khan, Kublai, became the new Mongol ruler In A.D. 1264, Kublai established his capital at Khanbaliq- the city of the khan- in northern China Khanbaliq is the modern day city of Beijing.

Mongols and Chinese In 1271, Kublai Khan decided he would control all of China He brought an end to the Song dynasty and declared himself emperor Kublai Khan started the Yuan (YWAN) dynasty Yuan means “beginning” The Yuan dynasty would last about 100 years Kublai Khan ruled for 30 years until his death in A.D. 1294

Government and Religion In government affairs, the Yuan regime, did not use civil service examinations Government jobs were open to non-Chinese people, including Mongols and Turks However, Yuan rulers respected Confucian writings and allowed Chinese scholar-officials to keep their posts

Government and Religion Similar to many Chinese, the Mongols in China practiced Buddhism But, they were respectful of other religions Kublai Khan encouraged Christians, Muslims, and Hindus from outside China to practice their faiths.

Government and Religion Under Mongol rule, China reached the height of its wealth and power. Mongols gradually won support of some Chinese who appreciated the order and prosperity that they brought to the country.

Marco Polo Visitors often reached China by the Silk Road. Marco Polo was a famous European traveler From Venice, Italy

Marco Polo Lived in the capital Khanbaliq during the reign of Kublai Khan Kublai was fascinated by Marco Polo’s stories about his journeys. Polo was a privileged resident of China Kublai sent him on trips all over the region to gather information and carry out business. From some of those years Polo ruled the Chinese city of Yangzshou

Trade and Empire Mongol empire stretched from China to eastern Europe Prospered from increased overland trade with many parts of the world Yuan dynasty built ships and expanded maritime trade China traded tea, silk, and porcelain in exchange for goods such as silver, carpets, cotton, and spices.

Trade and Empire Muslims and Europeans also took Chinese discoveries back to their homelands Mongol armies advanced into Vietnam and northern Korea The rulers of Korea, called the Koryo (koh-RY-oh) remained in power because they agreed to Mongol control

Trade and Empire Mongols forced thousands of Koreans to build warships Mongols used these ships in two attempts to invade Japan Both voyages ended in failure when huge storms destroyed much of the fleet

Lesson 3 Review Answer questions #1-4 on page 199

Lesson 3 Review 1. If you were to visit the Mongolian steppes, what would you likely see?

Lesson 3 Review 1. If you were to visit the Mongolian steppes, what would you likely see?

Lesson 3 Review 2. Why did trading improve under Mongolian rule? Give examples of goods that were traded and how they were traded.

Lesson 3 Review 2. Why did trading improve under Mongolian rule? Give examples of goods that were traded and how they were traded.

Lesson 3 Review 3. How did the Mongols use terror in their conquests?

Lesson 3 Review 3. How did the Mongols use terror in their conquests?

Lesson 3 Review 3. How did the Chinese benefit from being ruled by the Mongols?

Lesson 3 Review 3. How did the Chinese benefit from being ruled by the Mongols?