Empires, Nations and Lines on Map Integrated Degree: Year 0 (2017-18) Week 7: Conceptualisation of Territory: Swadeshi Movement in Bengal.

At its territorial peak in the 19th century, the presidency extended from the present-day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan in the west to Burma, Singapore and Penang in the east. The Bengal Presidency was established in 1765, following the defeat of the last independent Nawab of Bengal at the Battle of Plassey in 1757.

Annexation of Bengal: the battle of Plassey (1757) Pictures (from right): Robert Clive and Mir Jaffar after the battle of Plassey, Nawab Siraj-ud-daula, the last independent ruler of Bengal. Siraj-Ud-Daulah, r. 1756-57 Robert Clive and Mir Jaffar after the battle of Plassey

Picture: A New and Accurate Map of Bengal,’ by Thomas Kitchin, for the London Magazine, (1760)

Funding trade The East Offering its Riches to Britannia, 1778 (commissioned by the East India Company)

Consolidation of East India Company The consolidation of EIC rule involved either an intervention (modification) of existing systems (e.g. land revenue) or creation of new categories. Either way, the EIC ruled proved consequential for India. Earliest changes happened in legal structures, broadly under Warren Hastings, but continuing under successive administrators even into the 19th century. Warren Hastings, during his time in England, as painted by Sir Joshua Reynolds in 1767–68.

How to govern? Warren Hastings, by Tilly Kettle (d.1786) Hastings argued that British rule had to be adapted to “the Manners and the Understandings of the People and the Exigencies of the Country, adhering as closely as we are able to their ancient uses and Institutions.”

Indian society Statue of Warren Hastings, flanked by a Hindu pandit and Muslim munshi, outside the Victoria Memorial, Calcutta

Hindu College, Calcutta Manually colored photographic print titled "Madrassa [sic, for Hindu College], Calcutta," of Hindu College (now Presidency College), Calcutta – by Frederick Feibig (1851-2)

This lithograph is taken from plate 18 of Emily Eden's 'Portraits of the Princes and People of India’. Eden described the image on the left as one of "a favourite and successful young student at the Hindoo College, in Calcutta, where scholars acquire a very perfect knowledge of English, and have a familiarity with the best English writers which might shame many of our own schools. The Hindoo youths have an extraordinary aptness and precocity as scholars, and their exhibitions are very interesting and gratifying. This young student, who was the son of a native gentleman of rank in Calcutta, recited English poetry with particular grace and propriety.

Thomas Macaulay Macaulay’s ‘minute on education’ 1835 “It is impossible for us, with our limited means, to attempt to educate the body of the people. We must at present do our best to form a class who may be interpreters between us and the millions whom we govern; a class of persons, Indian in blood and colour, but English in taste, in opinions, in morals, and in intellect.” Thomas Babington Macaulay (1800-1859)

Raja Ram Mohan Roy (1772-1833)

Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar (1820-1891) was a philosopher, academic educator, writer, translator, printer, publisher, entrepreneur, reformer and philanthropist.

Established in 1857, the Calcutta University, it was the first institution in Asia to be established as a multidisciplinary and secular Western-style university. There are four Nobel laureates associated with this university including Ronald Ross, Rabindranath Tagore, C. V. Raman and Amartya Sen

Notable scientists from the University of Calcutta Notable scientists from the University of Calcutta. Seated (L to R):Meghnad Saha, Jagadish Chandra Bose, Jnan Chandra Ghosh. Standing (L to R): Snehamoy Dutt, Satyendranath Bose, Debendra Mohan Bose, N R Sen, Jnanendra Nath Mukherjee, N C Nag

A. O. Hume, one of the founders of the Indian National Congress Gopal Krishna Gokhale, a constitutional social reformer and moderate nationalist, was elected president of the Indian National Congress in 1905.

Bande-mataram by Bankim, later adopted as the national song of India.