Newspapers, magazines, and blogs (pop science) Journal Articles, technical reports, and patents Trade Magazines Newspapers, magazines, and blogs (pop science)

Diodes A diode is a semiconductor device that only allows current to flow in one direction. Rectification

Light Emitting Diodes Uses 1/10 the energy of incandescent lighting. Lasts 10 times longer.

Photodiodes (Photocell) Reverse bias leakage current is proportional to light intensity. Thorlabs.com Circuit from Lab 1:

Used for Amplifiers and Logic Circuits Transistors Used for Amplifiers and Logic Circuits www.en.wikichip.org MOSFET BJT

Vacuum Tube Amplifiers

Computer programs used to actually contain bugs! Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer (ENIAC) Built by the US Army in 1946. 17,468 vacuum tubes! Computer programs used to actually contain bugs! https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC

The First Solid-state Trasistor Invented at Bell Labs in 1947 by John Bardeen, Walter Houser Brattain, and William Bradford Shockley

Integrated Circuits (I.C.s) Solid state transistors can be fabricated en masse on a silicon substrate! https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOSFET

Integrated Circuits (I.C.s)

Moore’s Law We can print over 1 billion transistors on a single chip!

MEMS Devices “interdigitated” electrodes Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) have largely replace gyroscopes for intertial measurements. 3-axis gyro from an iPhone 4

Operational Amplifier Circuit

Integrated Circuits (I.C.s) Wafers are diced up and packaged as IC chips. DIP – “Dual inline package”

Op-Amps and Analog Computers Analog computers – a number is represented as a single voltage Differentiator Summing amplifier http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/opamp/opamp_4.html Integrator https://en.wikipedia.org

Analog Computer: P.I.D. Control Loop Proportional, Integral, Derivative control loop Temperature controller – Heater power is adjusted proportional to the difference between the desired setpoint and actual Temperature. Adding the integral derivative improves accuracy and stability.

P.I.D. Op-Amp Circuit

Digital Computers Digital computers – numbers are represented by several voltages in “binary code” 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 bit voltage 0V 3V 51 in 8-bit binary code is 00110011 Double precision floating-point variable – 64 bits or 8 bytes Single precision floating-point variable – 32 bits or 4 bytes https://en.wikipedia.org/

Parallel vs. Serial Parallel – N wires carry N bits simultaneously Serial – Single wire, binary data sent as “packets 1 http://www.eetimes.com/ 8 bits sent in parallel