How Things Work! Brendan Barber

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Presentation transcript:

How Things Work! Brendan Barber Headphones How Things Work! Brendan Barber

Transducer Technology Outline: History Early Development Modern Design Transducer Technology (Audio Drivers) Moving Coil (Dynamic) Planar Magnetic Electrostatic Balanced Armature Summary

History: Early Development Originated in 1910 and developed by Nathaniel Baldwin Developed as only way to listen to electrical audio signals First versions had no padding and poor sound quality Often had impedance of 1000- 2000 ohm

History: Modern Design John C. Koss created the first stereo headphones and the consumer market was born 1958 Stax developed the first electrostatic “earspearker” 1960 Yamaha built upon the dynamic and electrostatic drivers and created the first planar magnetic driver 1976 Earbuds/IEM’s become mainstream 2000

Types of Audio Drivers Currently there are 5 main designs in consumer products: Dynamic (Moving Coil) Planar Magnetic Electrostatic Balanced Armature Magnetostriction (Bone Conduction)

Moving Coil (Dynamic) Driver Most common type of driver Consists of a stationary magnet and voice coil attached to a light weight diaphragm Varying current from the audio signal is passed through the voice coil and creates a varying magnetic field Varying magnetic field reacts with static field causing a force

Moving Coil (Dynamic) Driver

Moving Coil (Dynamic) Driver Can be manufactured very cheaply Easy to drive Light weight Depending on design has very good low end response Benefits Diaphragm being pushed and pulled creates distortion Non-linear distortion (worse at higher volumes) Sound produced as spherical wave Draw Backs

Planar Magnetic Work on a similar principle to dynamic driver Two magnets push and pull a diaphragm which has an embedded “wire” Requires larger magnets as the as the force is applied across the whole diaphragm The whole diaphragm responding to the input signal leads to tight and powerful bass

Planar Magnetic https://www.audeze.com/technology

Planar Magnetic Much lower distortion compared to dynamic drivers Fast transient response Flat frequency response = better bass Benefits Expensive to manufacture Hard to drive i.e. signal needs amplification Heavy Draw Backs

Electrostatic By far the most expensive driver type (some costing as much as $50,000) A thin electrically charged film is suspended between two perforated plates (electrodes) Electrical signal is applied to the plates and depending on polarity moves the diaphragm A special amplifier is required in order for the signal to deflect the membrane

Electrostatic http://www.stax.co.jp/index-E.html

Electrostatic Near flaw-less detail Fastest transient response of any driver Sound is produced as a plane wave Benefits Very expensive Require high voltage for operation (100V-1kV) Heavy Draw Backs

Summary There are many designs for audio transducers All drivers use varying magnetic fields to generate sound While each driver has pros and cons ultimately cost has played the greatest factor in adoption.

References https://letstorq.com/2017/05/08/dynamic-electrostatic-headphones/ https://www.innerfidelity.com/content/how-planar-magnetic-headphones- work-page-3 http://cdn.shure.com/brochure/upload/105/SE846-exploded-view- english.pdf https://www.headphonesty.com/2017/04/5-types-headphone-drivers-know/

Sennheiser HD 800

Audeze LCD-4

Stax SR-009

Shure SE 84