AIM: How do scholars uncover and analyze history? Do Now: What is history?

Setting the Stage: Who are we? Prehistory – the long period of time before people invented writing. Roughly about 5,000 years ago. Evolution vs. Creationism

Understanding Our Past Scientific Clues Scientists work like detectives using excavated sites Artifacts: human-made objects such as jewelry or tools Paleontologists study fossils or evidence or early life preserved in rocks Investigating Prehistory Anthropology is the study of the origin, the behavior, and the physical, social and cultural developments of humans. Archaeology a field of anthropology where archaeologists study past peoples and cultures through their material remains. Use radiocarbon dating to determine the age of an artifact

Studying the Historical Past “Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.” -George Santayana History – the record of past events. Primary Source (eyewitness account) vs. Secondary Source (second-hand record) Historical Dates: Two formats: B.C. – A.D. B.C.E. – C.E. Why do we actually study history?

Key Terms for Foundations Culture: the way of life of a group of people (society). i.e. – religion, clothing styles, diet, government “Blueprint for living” Cultural Diffusion: the exchange of cultural objects and ideas. Sometimes a cultural idea or object is adopted by a different culture. Ethnocentrism: the belief that one culture is superior to another culture. Technology: the skills and tools people use to meet their basic needs and wants.

Assignment: Snapshot autobiography Take a blank piece of paper from the front of the classroom and fold it in half. on THE front cover – give your autobiography a title. on THE INSIDE left – write ABOUT YOUR LAST DAY OF MIDDLE SCHOOL. on THE inside right – write ABOUT YOUR FIRST DAY OF HIGH SCHOOL. On the back cover – Write a brief ‘about the author’ section.

Let’s Summarize…

AIM: How did early humans survive? Do Now: How do we know people lived thousands of years ago? Answer in 3-5 sentences.

Discoveries in Africa and Beyond Mary Leakey Archeologist who led an expedition in Tanzania in East Africa 1978, discovered Laetoli Footprints made by humanlike beings now called australopithecines, a hominid Humans and other creatures that walk upright are called hominids Lucy Unusually complete skeleton of female hominid Discovered by Donald Johansson in 1974 Named after Beatles song “Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds” Dated to be 3.5 million years old Before 1950s, anthropologists knew little about prehistoric peoples/species because they were NOT organized!

Laetoli Footprints Lucy

STANDARDS FOR BEING HUMAN: 1. 90cc skull size 2. Upright vertebrate 3. Thumb for tool making

ACCORDING TO THE MAP, WHERE DID EARLY HUMANS ORIGINATE? TRACING THE MIGRATION (MOVEMENT) OF EARLY HUMANS Have students identify the continents first since map looks different. ACCORDING TO THE MAP, WHERE DID EARLY HUMANS ORIGINATE? AFRICA

WHAT ARE THESE IMAGES & WHAT DO THEY TELL US ABOUT EARLY HUMANS?

Paleolithic Era (Old Stone Age) 2 million B.C.E - 10,000 B.C.E Hunting & gathering societies – everyone contributed! *Men- hunted and fished *Women/Children – gathered. Nomads- people who travel (migrate) from place to place in constant search of food and water People traveled in small groups (20-30 people) Simple tools/weapons made of stone, bone & wood To endure the cold, used animal skin for clothing. Went through several ice ages, used fire for warmth and cooking. Took refuge in caves to survive the cold during long winters. Cave paintings found of animals. Animism- belief system which involves worshipping spirits in nature 2. What do we know about Africa’s physical geography? Why would people have to move from place to place? 4. Made simple tools and weapons because they depended on their environment for survival. 6. Cave paintings in france, spain and north africa of deer, horses, buffalo.

Cave of Lascaux http://www.lascaux.culture.fr/?lng=en#/fr/00.xml

Activity: Source Analysis Directions: Analyze source #1 and source #2. Answer corresponding reflection worksheet.

Describe the differences you see in the above pictures Describe the differences you see in the above pictures. Label the picture representing the Paleolithic Age and the picture representing the Neolithic Age.

Does there have to be war in order for there to be a revolution? Turn & Talk Does there have to be war in order for there to be a revolution?

Neolithic Revolution Around 12,000 years ago, the Neolithic Revolution began: the beginning of farming It started accidentally when some women scattered seeds near a campsite and noticed crops growing there when they came back next season Rising temperatures worldwide provided longer growing seasons Farming produces more food than hunting or gathering What is warmer weather good for?

More food means a higher population, thus more labor Due to labor and farming methods, permanent settlements developed Permanent settlements turn into villages, villages turn into cities, cities turn into civilizations Once you reach a certain population, you can begin specialization Specialization: the development of skills in a specific kind of work (other than farming)

Slash & burn farming was used (cut a field and burn it for nutrients) Domestication or taming of animals began as well

Agriculture Revolution

Cause & Effect

Let’s Summarize… 3 Words to describe each era…

AIM: How did the world’s first civilizations rise and develop? Do Now: Watch the video clip and answer the following question in your notebooks- What does it mean to be civilized? What argument does John Green raise concerning this and do you agree?

What does it mean to be civilized What does it mean to be civilized? What argument does John Green raise concerning this and do you agree? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yocja_N5s1I Link to Crash Course #1 Episode

WHAT IS A CIVILIZATION??? CIVILIZATION- (1) group of people living and working together for the purpose of creating an organized society. (2) “the highest cultural grouping of people which distinguishes humans from other species” (3) “complex systems or network of cities that emerge from pre-urban culture”

EIGHT BASIC ELEMENTS OF A CIVILIZATION: Writing Systems (2) Infrastructure- public works such as bridges, roads etc. (3) Government / Laws

(4) Art / Architecture (5) Social Classes

(6) Organized Religion (7) Job Specialization (8) Development of Cities

Activity: Rank the eight characteristics of civilization in order of what you think is the most important, and why.

Let’s Summarize…