Intelligence and Creativity Chapter 9

Psychometric Approach The research tradition that spawned standardized tests of intelligence and that views intelligence as a trait or a set of traits that can be measured and that varies from person to person. Fluid Intelligence-Aspects of intelligence that involve actively thinking and reasoning to solve novel problems. Crystalized intelligence-Those aspects of intellectual functioning that involve using knowledge acquired through experience.

Theories of Multiple Intelligence: Gardner’s Eight Intelligence – views intelligence as multiple abilities that comes in packages. (Rosenthal, 2015)

Individuals results for assessment.

Sternberg’s Three Intelligences (Myers, 2010)

Creative - environment sparks, supports, and refines creative ideas. Intelligence and Creativity: Creativity – the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas. Five Components of Creativity Expertise - a well-developed base of knowledge, furnishes the ideas, images, and phrases we use as mental building blocks. Imaginative - thinking skills provide the ability to see things in novel ways, to recognize patterns, and to make connections. Venturesome personality - seeks new experiences, tolerates ambiguity and risk, and perseveres in overcoming obstacles Intrinsic motivation - is being driven more by interest, satisfaction, and challenge than by external pressures Creative - environment sparks, supports, and refines creative ideas. (Myers, 2010)

How Intelligence Relates to Creativity Convergent thinking - Thinking that involves "converging" on the one best answer to a problem; what IQ tests measure. Divergent thinking - Thinking that requires coming up with a variety of ideas or solutions to a problem when there is no one right answer.

Modern Tests of Mental Abilities Achievement tests a test designed to assess what a person has learned. Wechsler Individual Achievement Test (WIAT-III) Age range: 4.0–50.11 years: How it works: This test is divided into eight subtests. Each assesses a specific ability. There’s a subtests that looks at spelling, for instance, and one that looks at listening comprehension. The subtests may be given over a number of sessions. Aptitude tests a test designed to predict a person’s future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) the WAIS is the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests. Patino, E. (2017). Types of Intelligence and Achievement Tests. Retrieved January 28, 2017, from https://www.understood.org/en/school-learning/evaluations/types-of-tests/types-of- intelligence-and-achievement-tests

Intelligence (Myers, 2010). Stability or Change? By age 4, however, children’s performance on intelligence tests begins to predict their adolescent and adult scores. The consistency of scores over time increases with the age of the child. Extreme of Intelligence Low mental retardation (also called intellectual disability) a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profound. intellectual disability (intellectual developmental disorder) is the new term in the DSM-5 ::Down syndrome a condition of retardation and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21. (Myers, 2010).

Environment Influences and Giftedness Environmental Influence Early Environmental Influences Although malnutrition, sensory deprivation, and social isolation can retard normal brain development, there is no environmental recipe for fast-forwarding a normal infant into a genius. Schooling and Intelligence Head start and other early start programs initially seemed to provide an advantage, the aptitude benefits dissipate over time (reminding us that life experience after Head Start matters, too). Giftedness- involves having high IQ or showing special abilities in areas valued in society. Lewis Terman developer of the Stanfor-Binet test, conducted a longitudinal study starting in 1921 with 1500 CA schoolchildren with IQ’s higher than 140 among other traits… Higher birth rate, walked and talked earlier than peers, reached puberty earlier, and better over all health As adults lead productive lives 88% of men were employed professionally or higher- level business jobs compared to 20% in the general population. Termites were more active in their 60-70’s compare to peers

References Myers, D. G. (2010). Psychology (9th ed.). New York: Worth. Patino, E. (2017). Types of Intelligence and Achievement Tests. Retrieved January 28, 2017, from https://www.understood.org/en/school- learning/evaluations/types-of-tests/types-of-intelligence-and-achievement- tests Rosenthal, H. (2015, April 14). Howard Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences 3 Related Tips for Online Learning. Retrieved March 11, 2017, from https://www.lrngo.com/blog/2015/04/14/howard-gardners-theory-of- multiple-intelligences-3-related-tips-for-online-learning/