Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood Christina A. / 1213013008 Ivena M. A. / 1213013010 Paulin K. G. / 1213013018

What influences it? Families Peer Relations, Play, and Television The Self, Gender, and Moral Development

Families Parenting styles Adapting parenting to developmental changes in the child Cultural, ethnic, and social class variations in family Siblings relationship and birth order The changing family in a changing society Depressed parents

Parenting Styles Authoritarian Neglectful Authoritative Indulgent Three parenting styles by Diana Baumrind: Authoritarian Neglectful Authoritative Indulgent

Authoritarian Authoritative Permissive Is a restrictive style in which parents exhort the child to follow instruction and to respect their work and effort. This style has a firm limit and controls on the child Authoritative This style encourages children to be independent but parents still place limit and controls on the children’s actions Permissive Neglectful parents are uninvolved in the child’s life. Indulgent parents are highly involved with their children but place few demands or control on them.

Adapting Parenting to Developmental Changes in the Child Parents need to adapt their behavior to their children based on their children’s developmental maturity. As the child grow older, parents increasingly to reasoning, moral exhortation and giving or withholding special privileges, give less physical affection.

Cultural, Ethnic, and Social Class Variations in Family Different culture, different ethnic, different social class Different values, different parenting behaviors

Siblings Relationship and Birth Order Actions Parents Siblings Interaction More Less Following dictates Behave punitively and negatively Understand the child’s problem

Birth order effects suggest that birth order might be a strong predictor of behavior. However, we must remember that there are so many other complex influences on a child’s behavior.

The Changing Family in a Changing Society Working Mothers Maternal employment is a part of modern life. Many working mothers are feeling guilty about being away from their children. Working parents’ guilt can be reduced if they begin paying closer attention to how their children are doing.

Family Structure Model Multiple factor model of divorce Effects of divorce on children Two main models to explain how explain how divorce affects children’s development: Family Structure Model Multiple factor model of divorce

Family structure model Any differences in children from different family structures are due to the family structure variations, such as the father’s being absent in one set of the families. Multiple factor model of divorce Takes into account the complexity of the divorce context and examines a number of influences on the child’s development. Such as: age and developmental changes; conflict; sex of the child and custody arrangements; income and economic stress.

Most children initially experience considerable stress when their parents divorce, and they are at risk for developing problem behaviors.

Depressed Parents Research shows that depression in parents is associated with problem of adjustment and disorders, especially depression, in their children.

Peer Relations, Play, and Television

Peer Relations Peer group function to provide a source of information and comparison about the world outside the family Two kinds relations Poor peer relations and Harmonious peer relations The Distinct but Coordinated Worlds of Parent-Child and Peer Relations Peer Relations

The Distinct but Coordinated Worlds of Parent-Child and Peer Relations 1. bullies ⇒ their parent rejected, were authoritian permissiviness toward aggresion discord 2. whipping boys ⇒ their parent were anxious and over protective. Peer Relations

Play Play’s Functions Play help child master anxieties and conflicts. Freud and Erikson Play help child master anxieties and conflicts. Piaget Play advance children's cognitive development. Vigotsky Belives that play advance children's cognitive development. Daniel Berlyne Describes play as being exciting and pleasurable. Play

Parten's Classic Study of Play Unoccupied play Solitary play Onlooker play Parallel play Associative play Cooperative play Play

Unoccupied play the child is not playing but occupies herself with watching anything that happend to be of momentary interest.

Solitary play The children are play alone and independently of others.

Onlooker play Occurs when the child watches other children play.

Parallel play Occurs when the child plays separately from others but with the tpys like those the others are using.

Associative play when the child is interested in the people playing but not in coordinating their activities with those people, or when there is no organized activity at all. There is a substantial amount of interaction involved, but the activities are not in sync.

Cooperative play involves social interaction in a group with a sense of group identity and organized activity

Play Types of Play Sensorimotor / Practice Play Pretense / Symbolic Play Social Play Constructive Play Games Play

Television Television's roles Effect of television on children Aggression and Prosocial Behavior Television

Strategies for Enriching the Quality of Children's Play 1. Time = give 30- to 50- minute at least several times a week. 2. Space = at least 25 to 30 square feet 3. Experience = field trip 4. Play Materials

Amount of television watching by children

The Self, Gender, and Moral Development

The Self Initiative vs. Guilt As preschool, children encounter a widening social world, they are challenge more & need to develop more purposeful behavior to cope with these challenges. Children are asked to assume more responsibility. Uncomfortable guilt feelings may arise, though, if the children irresponsible & are made to feel too anxious. Erikson states the psychosocial stage in early childhood is initiative versus guilt. Baca desccription In this stage, children will be more active in learning and search for new experiences. They also have a surplus of energy which is let them to forget the failure quickly then continue to search other things that they want to do, even though that seem dangerous. In this part, children begin to use their conscience or their inner voice which is consist of self-observation, self-guidance, and self-punishment. The children in this stage with happily move out into a wider social world. Whether children leave this stage with more sense of initiative than sense of guilt depends on how their parents respond to their self-initiated activities. Children who are given freedom and opportunity have their sense of initiative supported. Initiative is supported when parents answer their children’s questions and don’t inhibit their fantasy or play activity. In contrast, if children are made to feel their motor activity is bad, that their questions are nuisance, and their play is stupid, they more develop a sense of guilt. The Self

The Self Self-Understanding is the child’s cognitive representation of self, the substance & content of the child’s self-conception. Before I explain this. Let us watch the video. The basic beginning of self-understanding begins with self-recognition, which takes place around 18 months of age. Since children can verbally communicate, self-understanding is not limited to visual self-recognition. It also include mind and body, self in relation to others, and pride and shame in self. In early childhood, children like to describe themselves in term of physical, position, and behavior characteristics. Young children distinguish themselves from others through many different physical and material attributes. In early childhood, active dimension is a central self component. For example, preschool children often describe themselves in activities term like play. The conclusion is in early childhood, children often think themselves in term of a physical self or an active self. The Self

Gender Gender refers to the social dimension of being male or female. Gender identity is the sense of being male or female, which most of children acquire by the time they are 3 years old. Gender role is a set of expectation that prescribe how males and females should think, act, and feel. Gender There are two aspects of gender that produce special mention. Gender Identity and Gender Role. For clear, let us watch the video.

Biological Influences Sigmund Freud Human behavior and history are directly influenced by sexual drives. Erik Erikson Because of genital structure, males are more intrusive and aggressive, females more inclusive and passive. Gender In GENDER, there are 3 influences. Those are BIOLOGICAL influences, SOCIAL influences, and COGNITIVE influences. Even though prenatal hormones may or may not influence gender behavior, Freud and Erikson have agued that individual’s genitals do play a very important role. Freud said that…. He argued that gender & sexual Behavior are unlearned and instinctual.–example if it’s possible Erikson argued that… That state contend that he has not given enough credit to experience–example if it’s possible Freud argued that women & men are more free to choose their behavior than Erikson said. Then, Erikson clarified his view, that he never said biology is the only one determinant of differences between the sexes. But, biology interacts with cultural & psychological factors to produce behavior. The conclusion is, Biology is not destiny when gender attitudes and behavior are at issue. But children socialization experiences matter a great deal.

Gender Social Influences Identification theory The preschool child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent. By approximately 5 or 6 years of age the child renounces this attraction because of anxious feelings. Then, the child identifies with the same-sex parent, unconsciously adopting the same-sex parent’s characteristics. Gender Have we realized in or culture that adult discriminate the sexes starting after the infant’s birth? Blue color for boys and Pink color for girls. Then continue with differences in hairstyles, boy with short hair and girl with long hair. Adult and peers reward these differences throughout development. Children learn gender roles through imitation or observational learning by watching what other people do and say. Parents are the only one of many resources which the individual learns gender roles because parents are important influences on gender development. There are 2 prominent theories address the way children get masculine and feminine attitudes & behaviors. Those are Identification theory & Social learning theory of gender. Identification theory is… According to this theory, many child developmentalists don’t believe that gender development result of the identification. Children become gender-typed much earlier than 5 or 6 years of age. And they become masculine or feminine even when the same-sex parent is not present in the family.

Gender Social learning theory of gender Children’s gender development occurs through observation and imitation of gender behavior, and through the rewards &punishments children experience for gender appropriate and inappropriate behavior. Gender Social learning theory of gender emphasizes that… This theory argues that sexual attraction to parents is not involved in gender development. Parent often use rewards and punishments to teach their daughters to be feminine and their sons to be masculine. And by observing adults and peers at home, at school, their environment, or even on the television, children have so many models who display masculine and feminine behavior. Example pg 248

Gender Parental Influences Mother are more consistently given responsibility for nurture & physical care. Father are more likely to engage in playful interaction & be given responsibility for ensuring that boys & girls conform to existing cultural form. Gender Mother are more consistently given responsibility for nurture & physical care. example Father are more likely to engage in playful interaction & be given responsibility for ensuring that boys & girls conform to existing cultural form. Example Boys and Girls are encouraged by their parents to play in different type of play & activities. Girls: are given dolls to play with during childhood, so they’re more likely to be assigned baby-sitting duties and encourage to be more nurturant & emotional than boys. Boys: are engaged in aggressive play, so… and when boys become adolescents, their parents give them freedom than girls.

Gender Peer Influences Boys teach one another need masculine behavior and do that strictly. Girls mainly congregate with one another. Gender Peer join the societal process of responding to & modeling masculine and feminine behavior. Individual ‘tomboy’ girls can join boys’ activities without losing their status in the girls’ groups. But, it cannot be same with boys. Reflecting our society’s greater sex-typing pressure for boys.

Gender School & Teacher Influences Girls’ learning problems are not identified as often as boys’ are. Boys are given the lion’s share of attention in school. Girls start school testing higher in every academic subject than boys, yet graduate from high school scoring lower on the SAT exam. Gender Hambatan belajar perempuan

Boys are most often at the top of their classes, but they are also are most often at the bottom. Pressure to achieve is more likely to be heaped on boys than on girls. Gender Point 1: For example: fail a class, miss promotion, a drop out of school

Gender Media Influences Television was portraying females as less competent than males. In the print media Females are shown more often in beauty products, cleaning products, and home appliances advertisements. Males are shown more often in car, liquor, and travel advertisements. Gender

Gender Cognitive Influences Cognitive Developmental Theory Children’s gender typing occurs after they have developed a concept of gender. Once they consistently conceive of themselves as male or female, children often organize their world on the basis of gender. Gender

Gender Gender Schema Theory states that an individual‘s attention & behavior are guided by an internal motivation to conform to gender-based sociocultural standards and stereotypes. Gender

Gender The Role of Language in Gender Development The language that children hear most of the time is sexist. Gender

Concerns rules and conventions about what people should do in their interactions with other people. Moral Development

Reason or Think Feel Behave

Piaget’s View of How children’s moral Reasoning Develops Heteronomous morality The first stage of moral development in Piaget’s theory, occurring approximately 4 to 7 years of age. Justice and rules are conceived of as unchangeable properties of the world, removed from the control of people. Moral Development

Moral Development Autonomous morality The second stage of moral development in Piaget’s theory, displayed by older children (about 1o years of age and older]. The child becomes aware that rules and laws are created by people and that, in judging an action, one should consider the actor’s intentions as well consequences. Moral Development

Immanent justice the concept that if the rule is broken, punishment will be meted out immediately. Moral Development

Social Learning Theory Moral Behavior Social Learning Theory Processes of Reinforcement Imitation Punishment Influence Influence Reinforcement: When children are rewarded for behavior that is consistent with laws and conventions, they’ll repeat that behavior. example Punishment: When children are punished for immoral behavior, those behavior are more likely to be reduced or eliminated. Imitation: When models who behave morally provided, children are likely to adopt their actions. Situation

Moral Development Moral Feelings Superego as the main structure of personality. Child’s superego develop when the child resolves the Oedipus Complex conflict. Before, we’ve learned about Freud’s psychoanalytic theory which describes superego as the main structure of personality. In that theory, child’s superego develop when the child resolves the Oedipus Complex conflict. Oedipus Complex is the Freudian concept that the young children develops an intense desire to replace the same-sex parent and enjoy the affection of the opposite-sex parent, So, how this conflict resolved? At about 5 to 6, children recognize that they will losing their parents’ love and their same-sex parent might punish them for their incestuous wishes. Incestuous is a love relationship that is owned by a couple who have blood ties. It’s like you have a feeling with one of your family members. So, to reduce their anxiety, the punishment for their unacceptable sexual wishes toward the opposite-sex parent, and also maintain parental affection, children form a superego by identifying with the same-sex parent. From that identification, children understand the parent’ standards of right & wrong in societal prohibitions. … Self-punitiveness of guilt is responsible for keeping the child from doing violation. Positive feelings such as empathy also contribute to the child’s moral development. Empathy is the ability to sense the others emotional state, feeling sympathetic and try to resolve the problem, and taking others perspective. Even though empathy is experienced as an emotional state, it often has a cognitive component. The cognitive component is the ability see another’s inner psychological states which is called perspective taking. Moral Development

Moral Development Self-punitiveness of guilt Empathy The cognitive component Moral Development