Nutrient Planning for Sustainability - Swine Dann J. Bolinger – Lyndon L. Kelley Michigan State University Extension

Basis of Planning Maintain economic viability and profitability of farm business Protect the environment Surface water Groundwater Air quality Nutrients of primary concern Nitrogen: leaching, volatilization Phosphorus: run-off, leaching

N:P – Corn Uptake vs. Manure Corn Uptake Manure N:P 2.5 1.32 (as excreted) 0.66 (field applied) Overall result: if we apply based on crop uptake of actual field N, we will overapply P. Corn 2.5/0.66 = 3.8X That’s a phosphorus excess of about 150 lb/A!

Raising and Lowering Soil P 10 – 20 lbs of excess P2O5/A to raise bray P1 soil test one lb/A. 10 – 20 lbs of crop removal P2O5/A to lower bray P1 soil test one lb/A. (Most MI crop rotations average ~50 lb/A crop removal, so soil test goes down only ~5-10 lb/A/year – at best.) Easy and fast to raise, hard and slow to lower!

Fundamental nutrient question: Is my farm concentrating nutrients? PRESENTER NOTES Key Discussion Topics 1. Any successful nutrient management planning process should begin with the following fundamental question: “Is my livestock or poultry operation concentrating nutrients?” 2. Most nutrient related problems are associated with poor distribution of nutrients. Concentration of nutrients must be addressed first. Discussion Question: References

National Level Mass Nutrient Balance

Manure P vs. crop land P use PRESENTER NOTES Key Discussion Topics 1. Blue colored regions represent counties where more manure phosphorus is excreted by confinement animal production in excess of what crops are able to utilize within that same county. Brown shaded counties identifies counties that are near this threshold. 2. In these regions, finding access to sufficient land for managing manure nutrients is a challenge. Regional concentration of manure phosphorus represents one of the most difficult water quality problems ahead of the livestock and poultry industry. Discussion Question: References Lesson 2: pages ? - ? < 25% 25 - 50% 50 - 100% >100%

Manure P vs. crop land P use PRESENTER NOTES Key Discussion Topics 1. The phosphorus accumulating in the shaded counties begins as phosphorus mined for crop fertilizer and mineral feed additives. Most of the fertilizer P is shipped to the corn belt for feed grain production. Significant amounts of mineral P is also shipped directly to livestock and poultry regions as mineral P supplements. Discussion Question: 1. What is the source of this manure phosphorus concentration? References Lesson 2: pages ? - ? < 25% 25 - 50% 50 - 100% >100%

Manure P vs. crop land P use PRESENTER NOTES Key Discussion Topics 1. The fertilizer P is harvested as feed grains and shipped for feeding to livestock and poultry. 2. Animals harvest only 10 to 40% of the P in feeds as animal products (meat, milk, eggs). The remaining 60 to 90% is in the manure. If land application is the primary end use of manure, sufficient local crop production must be available for utilizing that manure P. 3. Note that the loop for recycling phosphorus is broken. If phosphorus cannot be recycled in local crops, serious water quality issues associated with phosphorus concentration is likely. 4. These broken recycle loops produce our most challenging nutrient problems associated with confinement animal production. Discussion Question: How has the separation of feed grain production and animal production influenced phosphorus concentration? References Lesson 2: pages ? - ? < 25% 25 - 50% 50 - 100% >100%

State and County Level Mass Nutrient Balance

Nutrient Concentration… National level Regional level Community level Farm level Field level CNMP PRESENTER NOTES Key Discussion Topics 1. Integrated crop and livestock operations may experience concentration of nutrients on individual fields. 2. Lesson 2 focuses on livestock operations experience regional or individual farm nutrient concentration issues. Lesson 31 will focus on avoiding concentration of nutrients on individual fields. Discussion Question: References Lesson 2: pages ? - ?

Farm Level Nutrient Balance PRESENTER NOTES Key Discussion Topics 1. Next few slides will define “whole farm” nutrient balance. 2. “Whole farm” nutrient balance examines all components of nutrient use within a livestock or poultry operation. Many nutrient management planning processes focus only on the utilization of manure in the cropping system. This may, or may not, be the cause (and solution) for any nutrient related environmental problems associated with an individual operation. An examination of the whole farm nutrient picture should provide a better indication of the underlying cause of any nutrient related problem as well as appropriate sustainable solutions for addressing these concerns. Discussion Question: References Lesson 2: pages ? - ?

Indicators of Nutrient Imbalance Animals per acre thumb rules Less than one acre per animal unit Soil P increasing with time High soil P levels Majority of feed protein and P comes from off-farm sources PRESENTER NOTES Key Discussion Topics 1. Rising/High soil P levels: Strong indicator of P imbalance unless problems is a result of poor distribution among available fields. 2. Majority of feed protein and P comes from off-farm sources: Strong indicator that manure N and P will exceed farm’s available land base utilization capability. 3. Feeding above recommendations: Excess nutrients fed will end up in manure. Purchased feed nutrients will be higher that necessary. 4. No nutrient plan: Purchased fertilizer nutrients will be higher that necessary. 5. >1 acre per animal unit: Strong indicator of P imbalance, possible indicator of N imbalance assuming that manure is not exported to off-farm users. Discussion Question: 1. Did your respond “Yes” to one or more questions? If so, completion of Appendix A would be recommended. References Lesson 2: pages ? - ? These are neither exact nor reliable!

Farm P Cycle Animals Manure Feed Manure Nutrients Crop Nutrients Nutrient Uptake Land Application Farm P Cycle Soil

Estimating Nutrient Balance Estimate crop nutrient removal Based on crop specific removal rate and yield Estimate manure nutrient production Records of manure production and analysis Book excretion values (MWPS-18, table 6) Mass balance (inputs vs. outputs)

Manure Nutrient Production Records of manure production and analysis Pros: Farm specific Cons: Inadequate records before CNMP implementation Difficult to get truly representative manure analysis Weather variables impact volumes and analysis Frequently inaccurate! (Manure GAAMP says do not use)

Manure Nutrient Production Book excretion values (MWPS-18, table 6) Pros: Simple to calculate (no records required) Constant values Cons: Not farm specific Book values not always representative (+/- 30%, don’t know performance level or nutrition of animals in data set) New data in progress

Estimating nutrients produced by an operation. - Book values for nutrients produced, multiplied by animal numbers. Several sources of values exist: “Midwest Plan Service Book - 18” is most commonly referenced. Referenced data needs to match or be adjusted to an account for difference between the operation and the description of the values referenced (animals size, production, feed types, etc.).

Estimating nutrients produced by an operation - Swine - Book values for nutrients produced, multiplied by animal numbers and days on feed. Animal description Number Days fed per year lbs P2O5 per day lbs P2O5 per year Nursery Pigs 25 lbs average 1,000 250 .01 2,500 Grow-finish Pigs 150 lbs average 335 .05 16,750 Total 19,250

MWPS*6 Multiplier P2O5 lb./day MWPS*6 Multiplier K2Olb. /day Estimating Nutrients Generated -Swine Example 1,000 head barn, Midwest Plan Service, table 6 data Animal ID Number of Animal Days on Feed C Multiplier N lb./day MWPS*6 Multiplier P2O5 lb./day MWPS*6 Multiplier K2Olb. /day Total N (lb) P2O5 (lbs) /year K2O (lbs) /year Barrows 500 333 .08 .05 .04 4,440 2,775 2,220 Gilts 8,880 N (lbs) 5,550 P2O5 (lbs) 4,440 K2O (lbs)

Manure Nutrient Production Mass balance: phosphorus

Principles of Mass Balance Elements are neither created nor destroyed. Elements which enter a system either exit the system or are stored (soil or dead space of storage). The composition of animal products – meat, milk, eggs, etc. – are relatively constant regardless of diet. (Diet can affect flavor, odor, etc.)

Farm P Cycle Animals Manure Feed Manure Nutrients Crop Nutrients Nutrient Uptake Land Application Farm P Cycle Soil

Farm P Cycle Purchased Animals Purchased Feeds Animal Sales Milk Sales Ration Animals Manure Leachate Losses Facility Losses Grown Feed Crop Sales Mortalities Crop Nutrients Manure Nutrients Purchased Fertilizer Bedding Nutrient Uptake Land Application Farm P Cycle Soil Field Runoff Leaching

Ration P – Net Product P = Manure P Purchased Animals Animal Sales Milk Sales Ration Animals Manure Facility Losses X Mortalities Animal Mass Balance Manure Nutrients Bedding Ration P – Net Product P = Manure P

Manure Nutrient Production Mass Balance Pros: Farm specific Nutrient consumption is best predictor of excretion Cons: Whole farm mass balance can be difficult and complicated Ration on paper not always what is actually fed Rations corresponding animal group sizes, and animal performance change over time Useful when book values are not representative!

Whole Farm Balance Crop Nutrients Manure Nutrients

Long-term (farm level) Crop rotation cycle (field level) GOAL: Crop nutrient removal equals or exceeds manure nutrient production Long-term (farm level) Crop rotation cycle (field level)

Whole Farm Balance Strategies for Sustainability Credit manure nutrients Minimize purchased fertilizers Apply manure where needed Increase available land for spreading Easement, rental, purchase of more acres Move nutrients off farm – sell, give-away Optimize Feed P and N Inputs Do not exceed animal requirements Improve nutrient availability to animals

Optimizing Feed P Inputs High excretion P (two primary reasons) P fed in excess of nutrient requirement of animal Limited availability of P to animal Common P form in grains has low availability Over feed P to compensate

Phosphorus Essential for skeletal system development Generally low availability Phytate is not available to animals Feedstuffs: 60-75% of P is phytate Corn grain – 12% available Soybean meal – 23-30% available Wheat – 50% available Dicalcium phosphate – 100% available Unavailable and unabsorbed P is excreted

Phytase Enzyme that makes phytate P available Also may improve availability of other minerals and improve utilization of protein and energy Animals do not produce their own phytase Ruminants (cattle, sheep) get phytase produced by symbiotic bacteria in rumen Monogastrics (swine, poultry) have no natural source of phytase

Swine/Poultry P Nutrition No natural source of phytase, so… P is overfed to assure adequate available P OR Feed supplemental phytase Feed low phytate corn

Book value data (MWPS 18, table 6) for swine/poultry based on overfeeding to assure adequate P to meet nutrient requirements. Mass balance needed for farms with phytase supplementation or low phytate corn.

Three types of information that may be available on the farm and used for phosphorus balance for the livestock operation. Daily ration fed multiplied by the number of animals fed and the number of days fed. Total pounds of each ration fed over a noted time period. Disappearance or annual totals of inputs used.   Each livestock operations record need to be reviewed to decide the best input side record to use for the calculation.

Estimating nutrients produced by an operation. -Phosphorus balance for the livestock operation or whole farm. Not all phosphorus is the same. Elemental phosphorus (P) / 0.44 = P2O5 Elemental phosphorus (P) = 0.44 * P2O5

Calculating Average Crop Removal Year (1000 acre) Shelled Corn acres ave. corn yield (bu) Silage corn acres Ave. Silage yield ( tons) Soybean acres ave. Soybean yield (bu) Hay Acres Average Hay yield (tons) 1998 700 120 150 18 300 55 4.2 1999 135 20 67 6.0 2000 130 19 60 4.7 2001 500 125 17 53 4.5 2002 140 20.5 65 6.3 5 yr.ave. 620 18.9 380 60 bu 5.1 Ton P Removal /unit

Estimating land-base need based on nutrients produced. Total lbs of phosphorus generated or purchased by farm. Average crop removal for the rotation. = Acres needed to spread manure (without changing P levels).

Impact and Influence of Rations Input/output balance lbs P2O5 Acres (10 pig finished/acre) (55 lbs/A crop removal) Book Values NRC levels of P Animal mass balance Works both ways Ration corrections can be almost immediate 4 Pigs /Acre

Estimating Nutrients Generated Swine Example

Animal Mass Balance: Swine Feed intake phosphorus Feed ration P concentration Good records of feed ration amounts fed Animals sold represent the only export of P from the farm Records of sales of breeding animals, feeder animal, or pork. Pork is estimated to contain .72 % P (0.0072) Mortalities -included in weight of pound marketed only if carcasses leaves the farm.

. 1999 Feed Records – Barrow Finishing Hogs typical 1,000 head finishing barn – total feed ingredients % P lbs Fed lbs P in Feed lbs P2O5 (P/ .44 = P2O5) Corn 0.3 453,400 1,370 Soybean meal 0.7 106,600 746 Premix 7.0 13,400 938 Total lbs 3,044 6,918 6,918 x 3 groups/year = 20,755 Lbs. P2O5

1999 Feed Records - 3,000 Finished Hogs typical 1,000 head finishing barn – by feed ration . Barrow ration #1 Barrow ration #2 Barrow ration #3 Barrow ration #4 Barrow ration #5 Barrow ration #6 Totals P level of feed 0.00647 0.00543 0.0051 0.00469 0.00466 0.00459 Lbs. fed Per group 10.9 80.0 101.2 93.5 139.2 114.0 Total lbs. P fed 97 217 258 219 324 262 1377 Gilt ration #1 Gilt ration #2 Gilt ration #3 Gilt ration #4 Gilt ration #5 Gilt ration #6 0.00648 0.00557 0.0053 0.00495 0.00486 0.00474 79.8 84.6 111.3 99.0 222 268 209 270 235 1301 2678 Lbs.P / group * 3 groups / year = 8034 Lbs.P or 18,398 Lbs. P2O5

Nutrients retained by animals P K Beef 0.016 0.0070 0.002 Dairy 0.012 Pork 0.023 0.0072 Layers 0.022 0.0060 Broilers 0.026 Turkeys 0.021 Milk 0.0050 0.0009* Eggs 0.0166 0.0021 Source: MWPS-18; LPES Guide * Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle, NRC 2001

2003 Feed Records - 3,168 Finished Hogs . 2003 Feed Records - 3,168 Finished Hogs Avg. finish weight 255 lbs - Avg. start weight 45 lbs = 210 lbs Gain Mortalities are composted and spread on same fields as manure and thus are not included in calculation. ( 1.5% death loss = 45 head) 210 lbs gain x 2,955 hogs = 620,550 lbs X (.72 % phosphorus) = 4,468 lbs P2O5 (removed in pork) Total P205 fed - Total P2O5 in weight sold = Total lbs P2O5 in manure 18,398 lbs - 4,468 lbs = 13,930 lbs P2O5

Calculating Average Crop Removal Year (1,000 acre farm) Corn acres Whole farm ave. corn yield (bu) Soybean acres Whole farm ave. Soybean yield (bu) 1998 700 120 300 55 1999 135 67 2000 130 60 2001 500 125 53 2002 140 65 5 year average 620 130 bu 380 60 bu

Calculating Average Crop Removal Corn 620 acres * 130 Bu * 0.35 lbs P2O5 / B. = 28,210 lbs P2O5 Soys 380 acres * 60 B. * 0.88 lb. P2O5 / Bu = 20,064 lb. P2O5 28,210 +20,064 = 48,274 lbs of P2O5 removal 48,274 lbs P2O5 / 1,000 acres = 48 lbs/acre of P2O5 (average P2O5 removal) P2O5 removal rates from MSU Bulletin E-550a

Calculating spreading acres needed 1,000 head hog finishing barn. Assuming goal of maintaining current Phosphorus levels. Total P2O5 fed - total P2O5 in weight sold = total lbs P2O5 in manure 30,823 lbs - 4,817 lbs = 26,006 lbs P2O5 total lbs P2O5 in manure / 48 lbs/acre (average P2O5 removal) = spreading acres needed 13,930 lbs P2O5 / 48 lbs P2O5 = 290 acres

Estimating land-base need based on nutrients produced. Acres needed to spread manure (without changing P levels). Total lbs of phosphorus generated or purchased by farm. = Average crop removal for the rotation. Total manure P205 55,621 lbs 66 lbs/acre Average crop P205 removal = 843 acres

Nutrient Planning for Sustainability Summary Determine total nutrients produced -P is most often the limiting factor Determine your average crop removal Determine the crop base needed to utilize nutrient produced -Divide total nutrients produced by average crop removal Compare your actual spreadable acre to crop base needed. -If you’re short on land base start making adjustments.

Nutrient Planning for Sustainability Summary (continued) Compare your actual spread-able acre to crop base needed. -If you’re short on land base, start making adjustments. Increase yields Increase spreadable acre. Rent, trade acre, spreading agreements Lower phosphorus inputs – feed less P – Move phases of production – heifer or dry cow to another farm