WORD FORMATION PROCESSES Dr. R. Arief Nugroho

How can words be productive? 1. Suppletion is a minor inflection technique where we change the morpheme instead of adding an affix. A. Total Suppletion Example: bad –worse , good –better, go – went, is – was B. Partial Suppletion Example: was-were, teach-taught

2. Compounding - which is forming new words not from bound affixes but from two or more independent words: the words can be free morphemes, words derived by affixation, or even words formed by compounds themselves. e.g. girlfriend air-conditioner blackbird looking-glass textbook watchmaker

Compound words have different stress, as in the following examples: The wool sweater gave the man a red neck. The redneck in the bar got drunk and started yelling. In compounds, the primary stress is on the first word only, while individual words in phrases have independent primary stress. blackbird black bird makeup make up  

3.Reduplication - which is forming new words either by doubling an entire free morpheme (total reduplication) or part of a morpheme (partial reduplication). Example: criss-cross, ding dong 4. Blending - where two words merge into each other, such as: brunch from breakfast and lunch smog from smoke and fog 

Lexical compounds are words that contain at least two stems (lexemes) Lexical compounds are words that contain at least two stems (lexemes). Up to this point all the stems have simplex in that they contained only one stem. Various kinds of categorical stems may be combined into a compound lexical stem. E.g N+N: dog+house A+N: black+bear V+N: run+way N+A: fat+free N+V: house+sit A+A: blue+green N+N compounds are productive, but the others seem to be less productive. Lexical compounds are formed from two or more stem, but the stems are not word-forms. With very few exceptions, no inflectional affix can be added to each stem independently. Inflectional affixes are added to the compound stem, though this point may be hard to illustrate. It is the first stem that rarely carries an inflectional marker: E.g. toothache, *teethache footprint, *feetprint birdfood, *birdsfood greenhouse, *greenerhouse bluenose,*bluestnose runway, *ranway

Like syntax, complex words can be represented in structures as well as tree structures. Consider, for example, doable. As we already know, it consists of a base a derivational suffix: [DO]—[ABLE]. The former is a verb stem and the latter is a suffix. H says that the category of the combined unit is an adjective. How do we know this? Since DO is a verb stem, DOABLE cannot inherit the category A from DO. The only other source is from the suffix ABLE. All adjectives with the suffix ABLE that are derived from verbs suggests that the suffix ABLE carries the information that the derived stem is an adjective stem. The following tree contains the requisite information:

5. Ablaut - it is a change in a vowel that carries extra meaning Example: sing-sang-sung 6. Abbreviations (several types) Clipping: grad, math, Prof, dorm Acronym: radar, AIDS 7 Eponym - Proper noun becomes a common noun. Example: Kodak, Celcius

8. Back Formation is a new word is created by removing what is mistakenly considered to be an affix Edit from Editor Orieantate from Orientation 9. Coinage is reconstruction or addition of new words. Words created from sctrach or derived from names of individuals, places or products Example: Google, selfie, Xerox