Development of sensors and electronics for the cubic calorimeter Diego Cauz (Uni Ud e INFN) Giovanni Pauletta (Uni Ud e INFN) Anna Gregorio (Uni Ts e INFN) Valter Bonvicini (INFN Trieste) CALOCUBE start-up meeting Florence, January 22, 2014

V. Bonvicini - CaloCube - Firenze Outline Background: expertise of the Trieste and Udine groups: Total absorption hadronic calorimetry, with emphasis on DR compensation FACTOR and TWICE experiments Sensor developments (SiPMs) Front-end electronics developments Synergy with GAMMA-400 01/22/2014 V. Bonvicini - CaloCube - Firenze

Calorimetry – UD experience High resolution total absorption hadron calorimetry in highly segmented crystal calorimetry with emphasis on Dual Readout Specific applications (e.g. SID for ILC and Muon Collider) Generic detector R&D Activity included both simulations and experimental work Collaboration with FNAL (projects THCAL, T1004, T1015, etc.) INFN Gr. 5 experiments FACTOR and TWICE (TS-UD synergy) 01/22/2014 V. Bonvicini - CaloCube - Firenze

High resolution hadron calorimetry: HEP motivation 01/22/2014 V. Bonvicini - CaloCube - Firenze

V. Bonvicini - CaloCube - Firenze Simulations SID-specific simulation work Specific for a total absorption calorimeter option for ILC (high granularity crystal calori- meter with both DR and PFA to optimize resolution) CaTS: simulation package for generic detector R&D Developed for simulations of high granularity total absorption calori- meters with dual readout compensation. 01/22/2014 V. Bonvicini - CaloCube - Firenze

V. Bonvicini - CaloCube - Firenze Simulations b c a dE/E= 0.144 0.026 -0.007 Reconstructed W jets corrected using single p- DR and LK corrections fractional energy residuals after DR correction (b) and after DR + LK correction (c) a b c M=66.7 M=79.4 M=81.1 invariant mass distributions after DR correction (b) and after DR + LK correction (c) 01/22/2014 V. Bonvicini - CaloCube - Firenze

Experimental work with heavy glasses in THCAL Study for a demonstrator with DR capability SCG1-C available in sufficient quantity for a prototype Properties are good except int (low density) L=3.9l R=1l End wall glasses 01/22/2014 V. Bonvicini - CaloCube - Firenze

V. Bonvicini - CaloCube - Firenze Different types of SiPM were used in the tests (together with conventional PMs) Struttura di montaggio di SiPM e Ham PM su una estremita` dei vetri SCG1-C 3x3 (4x4) mm2 , 50 mm microcells Hamamatsu Ham PM AdvanSiD 2 x 2 array MPPC 3x3 mm2 , 25-50 mm microcells 01/22/2014 V. Bonvicini - CaloCube - Firenze

TWICE FACTOR INFN Units: 2007 - 2010 2011 - 2013 R&D on development of SiPM and their application to fiber and crystal calorimetry. Milestones completed Techniques for Wide-range Instrumentation for Calorimetry Experiments Development of advanced SiPMs with large area and dynamic range Extension of sensitivity to the region 300-400 nm Development of a front-end ASIC for SiPM read-out Applications to dual read-out calorimetry and to space experiments INFN Units: Trieste Udine Milano Bicocca Roma 1 Messina Napoli Salerno 01/22/2014 V. Bonvicini - CaloCube - Firenze

Highlights from FACTOR and TWICE Shashlik calorimeters with SiPM read-out Prototype manufactured at INFN - Trieste 70 tiles of scintillator 11.5x11.5 cm2 (4 mm thick) and 69 tiles of lead (1.5 mm thick) for a total of 19 X0 144 fibers divided in bundles of 4 fibers (36 channels) 4 x 4 mm2 SiPM by FBK (6400 microcells) Two front-end electronics tested: custom designed discrete FEE and MAROC ASIC 01/22/2014 V. Bonvicini - CaloCube - Firenze

Highlights from FACTOR and TWICE ~3V overvoltage ~2V overvoltage 01/22/2014 V. Bonvicini - CaloCube - Firenze

Highlights from FACTOR and TWICE Second test – Linearity (HE) Linearity up to 150 GeV with low Overvoltage (1-2 V) and small ASIC gain ~1.5V overvoltage 01/22/2014 V. Bonvicini - CaloCube - Firenze

Highlights from FACTOR and TWICE Second test – Resolution Stochastic term in reasonable agreement with simulations; Consistent reduction of the noise term after improved shielding, grounding and tuning of the shaping and hold time of the MAROC. 01/22/2014 V. Bonvicini - CaloCube - Firenze

Front-end electronics (a big challenge…) Scientific interest: direct measurement of the cosmic-ray fluxes above the TeV region. Examples: Direct observation of cosmic-ray electrons up to 10 TeV Measurement of cosmic-ray nuclei flux and elemental composition up to the “knee” ( 1014 – 10 15 eV) A major concern: dynamic range!!! (with sensitivity down to fractions of a MIP) 01/22/2014 V. Bonvicini - CaloCube - Firenze

Front-end electronics R&D carried on in Trieste through the CSN 5 experiments CASIS and CASIS2 Several prototypes designed, realized and tested CASIS1.2A ASIC (used for the prototypes of calorimeters realized in Florence): Double-gain (double-range) CSA Double-correlated sampling, MUX and output buffer Input calibration circuit (with arbitrary channel pattern) 16 channels Noise: 2700 e- + 8e-/pF Power consumption: 2.8 mW/channel Dynamic range (low gain): 53 pC 01/22/2014 V. Bonvicini - CaloCube - Firenze

Front-end electronics Micrograph of a CASIS1.2A ASIC 01/22/2014 V. Bonvicini - CaloCube - Firenze

Double-gain CSA schematic Cf2 = 30.4 pF “Low Gain” Cf1 = 1.6 pF “High Gain” 01/22/2014 V. Bonvicini - CaloCube - Firenze

V. Bonvicini - CaloCube - Firenze 2 pC 1.5 pC 1 pC 0.5 pC From bottom to top: 42.3 pC 47 pC 51.7 pC 56.4 pC 01/22/2014 V. Bonvicini - CaloCube - Firenze

V. Bonvicini - CaloCube - Firenze Max. non-linearity < 0.08 % 01/22/2014 V. Bonvicini - CaloCube - Firenze

Prototype test beam results - 1 Notice: charge information from a precise silicon Z-measuring system located in front of the prototype CERN SPS H8 Ion Beam: Z/A = 1/2, 12.8 GV/c and 30 GV/c (February 2013) 2H 4He For deuterium: S/N ~ 14 01/22/2014 V. Bonvicini - CaloCube - Firenze

V. Bonvicini - CaloCube - Firenze Now: CASIS1.2B 5300 µm 4000 µm 16 FE channels with A/D conversion function integrated in the ASIC 1 12-bit cyclic ADC /channel with capacitor averaging and digital correction Design submitted in August 2013 (prototypes arrived end of November) Preparation of the test boards and test set-up is under way 01/22/2014 V. Bonvicini - CaloCube - Firenze

CASIS1.2B: layout of a complete channel 01/22/2014 V. Bonvicini - CaloCube - Firenze

V. Bonvicini - CaloCube - Firenze 01/22/2014 V. Bonvicini - CaloCube - Firenze

Next step: CASIS1.2C (optimized for CaloCube) Redesign of the input transistor and of the active load of the cascode to match the photodiode capacitance: Noise and power consumption improvements 01/22/2014 V. Bonvicini - CaloCube - Firenze

V. Bonvicini - CaloCube - Firenze SiPMs Pros: High gain (~ 106) Low bias voltage Excellent time response Insensitivity to magnetic fields Compact and robust Low unit cost Simple read-out Caveats: High ( MHz) dark count (N.B. no longer true…!) Temperature dependence of VBD and Gain Degradation with radiation damage 01/22/2014 V. Bonvicini - CaloCube - Firenze

V. Bonvicini - CaloCube - Firenze SiPM fabrication Pioneering work in the 90’s by Russian institutes: JINR Dubna Obninsk/CPTA Moscow Mephi/PULSAR Moscow Metal-Resistive-Semiconductor Polysilicon resistor e.g., Voloshin, NIMA 539 (2005) for MRS devices Dolgoshein, NIMA 563 (2006) for Mephi devices Later more institutes/companies involved in SiPM production: Hamamatsu, Japan SensL, Ireland FBK, Italy MPI, Germany Front-side illumination Back-side illumination INFN experiments FACTOR and TWICE (+ DASIPM, SPIDER…) More recently: Zecotek (Canada), NDL-BNU (China), Voxtel (USA),… 01/22/2014 V. Bonvicini - CaloCube - Firenze

SiPM: FBK technology evolution Original technology 2006 Phased out! RGB-SiPM (Red-Green-Blue SiPM) excellent breakdown voltage uniformity low breakdown voltage temperature dependence (gain variation < 1%/C) higher efficiency lower noise 2010-11 NUV-SiPM (Near-UV SiPM) excellent breakdown voltage uniformity low breakdown voltage temperature dependence (gain variation < 1%/C) high efficiency in the near-ultraviolet very low dark noise 2012 2012 RGB-SiPM_HD (Red-Green-Blue SiPM – high density) small cell size with high fill factor: - high dynamic range - low excess noise factor 01/22/2014 V. Bonvicini - CaloCube - Firenze

V. Bonvicini - CaloCube - Firenze dVBD/dT “Old technology”:  72 mV/C New technology (RGB and NUV): 25 mV/C  dG/dT < 1%/C 01/22/2014 V. Bonvicini - CaloCube - Firenze

V. Bonvicini - CaloCube - Firenze RGB SiPM HD Redesigned cell border, to obtain small cells with high Fill Factor (FF). The 15 um cell RGB-HD has the same FF of the 50 um cell RGB technology. SiPM: size: 4x4mm2 cell size: 30x30um2 # cells: ~17000 SiPM: size: 2.2x2.2mm2 cell size: 15x15um2 # cells: 21316 Fill factor = 74% Fill factor = 48% 01/22/2014 V. Bonvicini - CaloCube - Firenze

V. Bonvicini - CaloCube - Firenze RGB SiPM HD Response to fast light pulse from LED Photo-detection efficiency t = 9ns very short decay!! (courtesy of C. Piemonte, FBK) 01/22/2014 V. Bonvicini - CaloCube - Firenze

V. Bonvicini - CaloCube - Firenze NUV SiPM The NUV SiPM is based on a p-on-n junction, for increased PDE at short wavelengths  ideal for Cerenkov detection PDE vs. wavelength for a NUV-SiPM and RGB-SiPM with 50x50um2 cell, 42% fill factor. Increased PDE at low λ NUV-SiPM: 1x1mm2 50x50um2.Total and primary dark count rate at 0.5 phe. Very low primary DCR (courtesy of C. Piemonte, FBK) 01/22/2014 V. Bonvicini - CaloCube - Firenze

V. Bonvicini - CaloCube - Firenze The GAMMA-400 project Mission is approved by ROSCOSMOS (launch currently scheduled by November 2018) GAMMA-400: Scientific payload mass: 4100 kg Power budget: 2000 W Telemetry downlink capability: 100 GB/day Lifetime: 10 years Orbit (initial parameters): apogee 300000 km, perigee 500 km, orbital period 7 days, inclination 51.8 ° GAMMA-400 will be installed onboard the platform “Navigator” manufactured by Lavochkin 01/22/2014 V. Bonvicini - CaloCube - Firenze

V. Bonvicini - CaloCube - Firenze Physics with GAMMA-400 01/22/2014 V. Bonvicini - CaloCube - Firenze

V. Bonvicini - CaloCube - Firenze The GAMMA-400 apparatus (pitch 0.1 mm) GAMMA-400 characteristics: a dual instrument for photons (100 MeV - > 300 GeV) and cosmic rays (electrons > 1 TeV and high energy cosmic-ray nuclei, p and He spectra close to the “knee” region (1014 – 1015 eV); State of the art Si-W converter/tracker 3-D, deep, homogeneous calorimeter with excellent resolution and large acceptance 01/22/2014 V. Bonvicini - CaloCube - Firenze

V. Bonvicini - CaloCube - Firenze Calorimeter CC2 28 x 28 x 12 CsI(Tl) cubes L(cubes) = 3.6 cm CC2 dimensions: 1 x 1 x 0.47 m3 X0: 54.6 x 54.6 x 23.4 I: 2.5 x 2.5 x 1.1 Mass = 1683 kg 01/22/2014 V. Bonvicini - CaloCube - Firenze

V. Bonvicini - CaloCube - Firenze Back-up slides 01/22/2014 V. Bonvicini - CaloCube - Firenze

CASIS1.2A: CSA and CDS block scheme 01/22/2014 V. Bonvicini - CaloCube - Firenze

V. Bonvicini - CaloCube - Firenze The prototype 14 Layers 9x9 crystals in each layer (crystals 3.6x3.6x3.6 cm3) 126 Crystals in total 126 Photo Diodes 50.4 cm of CsI(Tl) 27 X0, 1.44 lI Photodiodes read- out by 9 CASIS chips) Mechanics: INFN Pisa Front-end: INFN Trieste Crystals, photodiodes, DAQ, assembly: INFN Florence 01/22/2014 V. Bonvicini - CaloCube - Firenze

Prototype test beam results - 2 N C B H: Z=1 <ADC>=330 He: Z=2 <ADC>=1300 Li: Z=3 <ADC>=3000 Be: Z=4 <ADC>=5300 B: Z=5 <ADC>=8250 C: Z=6 <ADC>=12000 N Z=7 <ADC>=16000 Be Li He 01/22/2014 V. Bonvicini - CaloCube - Firenze

Prototype test beam results - 3 Charge is selected with the placed-in-front tracking system Good linearity even with the large area PD! Preliminary! Total particle energy 01/22/2014 V. Bonvicini - CaloCube - Firenze

V. Bonvicini - CaloCube - Firenze Gamma-400 Collaboration Lebedev Physical Institute (leading organization) National Research Nuclear University MEPhI Ioffe Physical Technical Institute Open Join Stock Company “Research Institute for Electromechanics” (Istra) Institute for High Energy Physics (Protvino) Space Research Institute Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Italy Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, INAF, Italy NASA Goddard SFC/University of Maryland, USA Kavli Institute/Stanford University, USA 01/22/2014 V. Bonvicini - CaloCube - Firenze

V. Bonvicini - CaloCube - Firenze LPI RAS – Leading Institute INFN (Italy) – Converter/Tracker and Calorimeter NRNU MEPhI – TOF and A/C detectors INAF (Italy) – Converter/Tracker 01/22/2014 V. Bonvicini - CaloCube - Firenze

V. Bonvicini - CaloCube - Firenze Gamma-400 orbit 01/22/2014 V. Bonvicini - CaloCube - Firenze

V. Bonvicini - CaloCube - Firenze CC2 (deep) Calorimeter Homogeneous cubic calorimeter Symmetric, to maximize GF Total mass < 1600 kg Very large dynamic range Finely segmented in all directions 1 RM x 1 RM x 1 RM CsI(Tl) cubic crystals Few mm gaps between crystals Detail of a calorimeter plane: Blue: crystals Grey: Al support Green: photodetectors Brown: readout cables 01/22/2014 V. Bonvicini - CaloCube - Firenze

Some of the cosmic-ray “mysteries” High energy nuclei “Knee” structure around ~ PeV Upper energy of galactic accelerators (?) Energy-dependent composition Structures in the GeV – TeV region recently discovered for p and He Composition at the knee may differ substantially from that at TeV Spectral measurements in the knee region up to now are only indirect Ground-based atmospheric shower detectors High uncertainties A direct spectral measurement in the PeV region requires great acceptance (few m2sr) and good energy resolution for hadrons (at least 40%) 1 particle / m2×second / m2×year / km2×year High energy Electrons+Positrons Currently available measurements show some degree of disagreement in the 100 GeV – 1 TeV region Cutoff in the TeV region? Direct measurements require excellent energy resolution (~%), a high e/p rejection power (> 105) and large acceptance above 1 TeV 01/22/2014 V. Bonvicini - CaloCube - Firenze

Scientific goals: high-energy s + arXiv:1205.1045 arXiv:1206.1616 Gamma-400 ideal for looking for spectral DM-induced features, like searching for –ray lines! If Weniger is right, the 130 GeV line should be seen with 10  significance (L. Bergström et al., arXiv:1207.6773v1 [hep-ph]) L. Bergström, , Stockholm 2012 01/22/2014 V. Bonvicini - CaloCube - Firenze